PAN-GERMANISM: A NON-GERMAN VIEW ON THE GERMAN PROBLEM IN THE END OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article deals with assessments and interpretations of Pan-Germanism in the works of historians and publicists of the early 20th century. They were united by their non-German origin and the desire to present Pan-Germanism as an integral phenomenon of a national and pan-European character. The interest of historians in Germany is associated with the activation of its foreign policy and the beginning of the First World War. Pan-Germanism is seen as a nationalist ideology, social movement and foreign policy of the government of the German Empire in the era of Wilhelm II (1888˗1918). French, British and American scholars, who published their work on the eve of the First World War, seek to understand, on the basis of the sources available to them, the causes of Pan-Germanism, the conditions for its emergence and the nature of its influence on the course of European history. The author focuses on the intuitive nature of the interpretations of Pan-Germanism, referring to the concept of «remote vision», taken from the analytical psychology of the early twentieth century. In this regard, attempts to comprehend Pan-Germanism were largely determined by personal experience, political predilections, and the nature of the development of diplomatic relations between countries. On the example of French historiography of the first quarter of the twentieth century. the experience of an objective scientific analysis of German history (Ch. Andler, A. Lichtenberger) and the creation of the French school of German studies are considered. Published but not previously translated into Russian texts by foreign historians are introduced into scientific circulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".