European Security and Stability in a Complex Global Order – The Case of Neighbourhood Policy

The variety of presently occurring economic and political processes and
\nphenomena contribute to continuous changes in world economy, affecting
\nits subjective structure and the changes in the relations and co-dependencies
\nbetween its subjects. Globalisation is undoubtedly one of such processes,
\nas it affects the positions of countries and international organisations
\nwithin global economy. It is a multidimensional process, connected to the
\nintensifi cation of relations both on the economic grounds, resulting from
\naccelerated fl ow of goods and services, technologies, capital, workforce, and
\non the political grounds. The dynamic development of globalisation has been
\nhappening under the infl uence of ICT technologies, facilitating the reduction
\nof the costs of production factors movement and increasing their mobility.
\nThe distribution of benefi ts resultant from this process is disproportional, as
\nit strengthens the position of some countries and regions, at the same time
\nweakening the importance of economic and political centres functioning to
\ndate as its leaders. A growing importance of new centres can be observed
\non the global scene – Asian countries, including China, are coming into
\nstrength and affecting the positions of the economic powers to date, such
\nas the European Union and the USA. A complicated pattern of economic
\nand political relations is being formed, and it is necessary to ensure that
\nproper balance is kept. A new global order is being introduced, resultant
\nfrom these particular relations, the existing connections and interferences
\noccurring among its actors.
\nApart from that, the process of globalisation facilitates the intensifi cation
\nof the economic integration processes. The international groups aiming at
\nstrengthening their positions in the global economy, as well as their spheres
\nof infl uence, are implementing new inter-state agreements of economic
\nand political character, thus affecting the global structure of power
\nand co-dependencies, together with the changes occurring within these
\nstructures. The European Union must continually take up actions to provide
\nstability and European security in the increasingly more complicated global
\norder. Ensuring stability in the neighbouring regions through the European
\nNeighbourhood Policy is of particular importance. This multithreaded
\nissue was undertaken in the research carried out by Centre of Excellence at Warsaw School of Economics – CEWSE on European Union’s Security
\nand Stability in a new Economic, Social & Geopolitical Settlement and its
\npartners, scientists representing a wide range of scientifi c centres, including
\ninternational ones. The research focuses on challenges regarding: uniting
\nor divisive history, transformations of contemporary European countries,
\nEuropean culture, national cultures, innovativeness and creativity of
\neconomy, science, migration crisis, refugee crisis, the relations between
\nthe EU and the Russian Federation, the crisis in Ukraine, energy security,
\npublic security, sustainable growth, social solidarity, demographic changes,
\nBrexit, institutional crisis in the EU, the future of the EU, and more.
\nAs a signifi cant actor in global economic and political relations, the
\nEU holds an important economic position, intensifying the pre-existing
\nrelations with third countries, organisations and groupings. It is very active
\nin external contacts, negotiating and forming transatlantic agreements, with
\nComprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the
\nEU and Canada as an example. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment
\nPartnership (TTIP), whose intended aim was to create a free trade zone
\nbetween the biggest players – the EU and the USA – previously under
\nnegotiations, has been suspended for the time being. Nevertheless,
\ntalks are being held as regards deepening the relations between the EU
\nand MERCOSUR, and creating a free trade zone. The new transatlantic
\nagreements, signed or undergoing negotiations, surpass the traditionally
\naccentuated trade relations, covering also the issues of investment,
\nintellectual property rights, legal regulations and standards, as well as
\nregulating other spheres of socio-economic life, which in turn causes the
\nprocess of negotiating and fi nalising such agreements is prolonged and
\ncomplicated. The EU also intensifi es its relations with the dynamically
\ndeveloping African continent, hoping to mark its presence there next to
\nother, for example Chinese, investors.
\nAnother dimension of external economic and political relations are the
\ndeveloping alliances with Asian countries, which constitute another strategic
\naim of the EU. The EU undergoes transformations from its very beginning,
\ndue to both the processes of expanding and deepening. The latest expansion
\nof the EU took place on 1st July 2013, when Croatia became a new Member
\nState. At the same time, the process of deepening mutual relations was
\nadvancing. Thus, the structure of the EU is very dynamic. Currently, the EU
\nis facing numerous challenges of economic, political and social character.
\nHowever the common values which accompanied the establishment of
\nthis organisation and which constitute the foundation of its unity should be supported through realizing agreed-upon operations. Some countries
\nconstitute the Eurozone, while other remain outside this hub of enhanced
\neconomic co-operation. This creates the so-called “multi-speed” Europe,
\nwith diversifi ed economic dimensions, and – as highlighted in the White Paper
\non the future of Europe1 – the scenarios for further EU development are
\nalso diverse. The EU also shapes its external relations in the international
\narena, economic and political relations with non-member countries on the
\nEuropean continent. Actions are being taken to provide protection and
\nsecurity in the area, which experiences numerous confl icts and crises. After
\nthe accession of 10 new countries to the European Union, it was necessary to
\ndevelop relevant forms of co-operation and relations with the organisation’s
\nneighbouring countries. One of the dimensions of implemented policy is
\nthe European Neighbourhood Policy, as the neighbouring countries, as well
\nas those maintaining deepened relations with the EU, have been offered
\nthe opportunity to develop co-operation and mutual connections within the
\nareas of politics, security, economy and culture. In its original formula, it
\nput forward a list of priorities to be met by the countries covered by the
\nPolicy and which have to be included in the Action Plans for numerous
\nkey areas, including political dialogue and reforms, trade, justice system,
\nenergy, transport, information society. The neighbouring countries deepen
\ntheir relations with the EU while respecting mutual values. The fi nancial
\nsupport for this policy is provided by the European Neighbourhood
\nInstrument, the introduction of which is supposed to create the framework
\nconditions for deepening further regional co-operation, at the same time
\nenhancing stability and security in the region2. The present publication, as
\na product of the research carried out, approaches the subject of the EU’s
\nrole in providing security and stability in the global order, with particular
\nfocus on the Neighbourhood Policy. The hereby publication consists of four
\nthematically integral and interconnected parts.Part 1, entitled “The Concept of European Integration and the Role of the
\nEU in the Global Order”, consists of papers concentrating on the presentation
\nof the effects of the European integration to date and the challenges which
\nthe EU is currently facing, the issues related to the system for protection of
\nhuman rights. The diversifi cation of the integration process is highlighted.The importance of the EU as a global partner is also emphasized, indicating
\nthe activities dedicated to the least-developed countries.
\nPart 2, “The European Neighbourhood Policy: A Need for Evolution or
\nRevolution?” concentrates around the issues regarding diverse dimensions
\nof integration. It discusses the questions related to the mechanisms of
\nmonitoring and solving disputes within the framework of association
\nagreements with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Attention has been paid
\nto threats and opportunities for Europe due to new eastern neighbourhood.
\nInstitutional aspects of the transformation of the eastern countries have also
\nbeen indicated, as well as its fi nancial aspects. This brings about new quality
\nand opportunities in the context of EU cohesion policy, where new subjects
\nhave a chance to be sanctioned and obtain certain liberties.
\nThe third part, “EU Trade & Investment Policy: Engine for Growth and Job
\nCreation?; The Economic Effects of New FTAs Generation – How to Assess
\nTheir Effects?”, concerns the non-trade effects of DC-FTAs. The connections
\nbetween the EU and China within the framework of multilateral WTO
\nsystem have been indicated. Trade relations with MERCOSUR, integration
\nprocesses in Africa have been discussed, with emphasis on the EAC – EU
\nEconomic Partnership Agreement. The trade and investment policies in the
\ncountries of the Visegrad Group have also been discussed. Nowadays, trade
\nrelations are growing in importance as compared to the past. Due to lasting,
\nlong-term co-operation, a tendency to tighten

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