Breeding Birds of Northeast Saltmarshes: Habitat Use and Conservation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Saltmarshes and associated wildlife populations have been identified as priorities for restoration and conservation in northeastern North America.We compare results from a recent study on habitat requirements of saltmarsh-breeding birds in the Maritime Provinces of Canada to those from recently published studies for the New England Gulf of Maine, and the southern New England shore.Differences in geologic history, sedimentation rates, tidal amplitude, ice cover, sea-level rise, climate, and human activity have influenced the ecology, extent, and distribution of saltmarsh habitat among these regions.In Canada, Bay of Fundy saltmarshes studied were larger and less isolated compared to marshes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence or those along the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia.Saltmarshes in the Maritimes and the New England Gulf of Maine were large compared to those along the southern New England shore.In all study regions, species richness was greater in larger saltmarshes.In the Maritime Provinces, marsh area was an important determinant of the density of Nelson's Sharptailed Sparrows (Ammodramus nelsoni) and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis).Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) density was not influenced by marsh area but was positively infl uenced by pond area.Proximity to other marshes, or the number of dwellings within 500 m of the study marsh did not affect any aspect of bird use.Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow density was positively influenced by the presence of adjacent dike land.In the Maritimes, common reed (Phragmites australis) is not widespread and therefore not a useful predictor of avian habitat use in contrast to New England where studies have documented lower species richness where Phragmites is abundant.Based on fi ndings from studies across the Northeast we conclude that: (1) habitat area is an important parameter for determining the occurrence of many species of saltmarsh-breeding birds, (2) habitat quality for saltmarsh-breeding birds is dependent on multiple spatial scales, and (3) wetland protection policies and conservation-restoration activities need to specifically address the collective habitat requirements and conservation concerns for individual bird species within locales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".