Is Threatening To Use The Notwithstanding Clause Becoming The Norm?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TORONTO, Wednesday, Oct. 3, 2018 – On the heels of Ontario’s threat to use the notwithstanding clause, Quebec’s premier-designate François Legault is contemplating invoking it to ban the wearing of religious symbols by people in authority. Are governments in Canada beginning to ride the wave of populism we have seen in the U.S. and around the world? Is the notwithstanding clause at risk of becoming a common way for governments to override fundamental rights and freedoms to push through their agendas?\nOsgoode Hall Law School Professor Benjamin Berger, an expert in law and religion, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, criminal and constitution law and theory, as well as the law of evidence, can speak to the matter.\nBerger can comment on: Freedom of religion, secularism and state neutrality, as they relate to this issue The history of the debate about the wearing of religious symbols in Quebec Use of the notwithstanding clause and recent events in Canada \n-30-\nYork University champions new ways of thinking that drive teaching and research excellence. Our students receive the education they need to create big ideas that make an impact on the world. Meaningful and sometimes unexpected careers result from cross-disciplinary programming, innovative course design and diverse experiential learning opportunities. York students and graduates push limits, achieve goals and find solutions to the world’s most pressing social challenges, empowered by a strong community that opens minds. York U is an internationally recognized research university – our 11 faculties and 25 research centres have partnerships with 200+ leading universities worldwide. Located in Toronto, York is the third largest university in Canada, with a strong community of 53,000 students, 7,000 faculty and administrative staff, and more than 300,000 alumni.\nYork U’s fully bilingual Glendon Campus is home to Southern Ontario’s Centre of Excellence for French Language and Bilingual Postsecondary Education.\nMedia Contact: Janice Walls, York University Media Relations, 416-736-5543, wallsj@yorku.ca\nGloria Suhasini, York University Media Relations, 416-736-2100, ext. 22094, suhasini@yorku.ca
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".