Investigating proglacial groundwater systems in the Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey Pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-elevation Andean water storage is extremely important for water resources for the arid western coast of South America.Pampas (a subset of pàramos) are a freshwater reservoir in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru.These organic-rich clay systems buffer stream and river runoff to the Rio Santa and provide water to surrounding communities.More than 50% of dry season discharge from pampas is groundwater derived, however little is known about their geomorphology and subsurface sedimentology.Watertable measurements, streambed temperature sensors, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) were used to characterize the subsurface and develop a formational model for the Yanamarey and Quilcayhuanca pampas, Cordillera Blanca, Peru.The water table in July 2009 was found on average to be 0.35 m and 0.57 m below the land surface at Quilcayhuanca and Yanamarey respectively.In the Yanamarey Pampa, streambed temperature sensors showed that upstream, water flows from the stream into the ground and further downstream, water flows upwards recharging the stream.From watertable measurements, a watertable map was produced that showed steeper watertable gradients further up valley.GPR was an effective tool for imaging the subsurface to a depth of 8 meters in the high permittivity material and delineated four stratigraphic units at both sites.In sequence the units are; dry sandy peat soils with pebbles at the surface, water saturated soil with sand and pebbles, linear stratified clay and glacial outwash intermixed with colluviums deposits.The identification of the subsurface sedimentary units allowed for the creation of formation models of both sites.The valley walls of Quilcayhuanca are steeper than Yanamarey, which caused more landslides and consequently more extensive colluvial deposits throughout the Quilcayhuanca valley subsurface.These connected colluvial deposits are likely the primary zone for groundwater flow and storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".