Srtrategic Analysis Of Spatial And Temporal Water Quality Of 
\n\t\t\tRiver Chenab And Its Management

Water quality of 
\n\t\t\tmany rivers in the developing countries is under serious threat of 
\n\t\t\tdegradation and Pakistan is no exception to this. The river water 
\n\t\t\tmay be polluted by the effluents stemming from industrial, 
\n\t\t\tmunicipal, agricultural or mining activities. The most affected 
\n\t\t\trivers are those flowing through the urban areas and subjected to 
\n\t\t\tanthropogenic activities. The river Chenab, traversing near the 
\n\t\t\tindustrial cities and municipalities, is largely used for constant 
\n\t\t\tdisposal of untreated effluents in the Punjab province of Pakistan. 
\n\t\t\tConsequently water quality of the river degrades particularly in the 
\n\t\t\tlow flow months. This study was conducted to monitor, assess and 
\n\t\t\tmodel the water quality (WQ) of river Chenab over a length of 292 km 
\n\t\t\tfrom its entrance in Pakistan at Marala. The monitoring program was 
\n\t\t\tconducted during low flow months (October to March) of years 2006-7 
\n\t\t\tand 2007-8. Water samples were collected from seven locations along 
\n\t\t\tthe river and all the contributing drains as well. These samples 
\n\t\t\twere analyzed for a variety of physical, chemical and biological 
\n\t\t\tquality parameters. The data collected from monitoring as well as 
\n\t\t\tfrom secondary sources were utilized in three phases of analysis. In 
\n\t\t\tthe first phase water quality indices (WQIs) were calculated using 
\n\t\t\tCWQI 1.0 model developed by Canadian Council of Ministers of the 
\n\t\t\tEnvironment (CCME). Three intended uses of river water i.e. 
\n\t\t\tdrinking, aquatic life and irrigation were incorporated for WQI 
\n\t\t\tcalculations at selected points along the river. In the second 
\n\t\t\tphase, mathematical model (MIKE 11 model developed by Danish 
\n\t\t\tHydraulic Institute (DHI), Denmark) was formulated to simulate a 
\n\t\t\tconservative WQ parameter (salinity of river water). Two non-conservative WQ parameters 
\n\t\t\t(dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) were 
\n\t\t\tmodeled in third phase of the analysis using MIKE 11 model. The 
\n\t\t\tresults of WQI revealed that the lower river reach (185 to 233 km) 
\n\t\t\twas more polluted than the upper 185 km segment. In this river 
\n\t\t\treach, overall WQI ranking were poor for drinking and marginal for 
\n\t\t\tboth irrigation and aquatic life. The WQIs for all three uses were 
\n\t\t\tranked poor at sampling point located at 233 km below Marala 
\n\t\t\theadworks. The calibrated model for salinity simulated the most 
\n\t\t\tsaline condition in the river during the months with minimum flow 
\n\t\t\t(i.e. November and December). The results also depicted high 
\n\t\t\tsalinity in the downstream river reach receiving polluted effluents 
\n\t\t\tfrom two major drains (Faqirian Sillanwali and Chakbandi drain). 
\n\t\t\tFinally the model was calibrated and validated for DO and BOD. The 
\n\t\t\tresults of simulations indicated DO depletion and high BOD levels in 
\n\t\t\tthe downstream river reaches particularly from 200 to 270 km. 
\n\t\t\tDifferent scenarios were also tested to predict the river water 
\n\t\t\tsalinity by varying discharge of the drains. The salinity of river 
\n\t\t\twater was found highly sensitive to the amount of effluents added by 
\n\t\t\tthe surface drains. The study of management scenarios for BOD 
\n\t\t\tsuggested that the maximum water quality improvement can be achieved 
\n\t\t\tif there is no diversion of flow from the river coupled with 60 
\n\t\t\tpercent reduction in BOD of the drain effluents through treatment.

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