Behavioral Consequences of Habitat Selection in the Herring Gull
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Data were collected on time budgets, rates of chick provisioning, and patterns of aggressive behavior in Herring Gulls Larus argentatus that nested in three distinct habitats on Great Island, Newfoundland. Exposed marine terraces (rocky habitat) had the highest nest density, and territories were subject to high levels of intrusion by prospecting conspecifics. This resulted in high levels of aggressive interaction, yet these birds had high breeding success. In contrast, gulls nesting in meadows suffered a high rate of predation on eggs and young. This predation pressure forced male birds to remain on their territories to defend their nests, which resulted in high rates of neighbor-neighbor aggressive interaction, and a reduced rate of chick provisioning by males. The third habitat, grass-hummock covered maritime slopes (puffin habitat) had low nest density and little or no predation pressure. This resulted in low levels of aggressive interaction and reduced vigilance with no apparent decline in offspring production. The results of this study demonstrate how habitat choice can have behavioral consequences that contribute to variation in offspring production within a species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".