Eurasian Collared-Dove (<i>Streptopelia decaocto</i>) Expnasion in Nebraska: 1997-2003
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following the recognition of its presence in Florida in the mid-1980s (Smith and Kale 1986), the Eurasian Collared-Dove has spread in spectacular fashion northward and mostly westward in the interior of the United States, arriving in Nebraska only about 15 years after its discovery in Florida. Prior to its establishment in the United States, the Eurasian Collared-Dove had undergone a similarly spectacular expansion westward across Europe beginning in the area of Albania and the former Yugoslavia in the 1930s and finally colonizing Great Britain in the late 1950s. Available evidence regarding the source population for its establishment in Florida points strongly to the dense population in the Bahamas (Smith 1987). This population was established by the importation of perhaps 50 birds from the Netherlands in the early 1970s by an aviary owner. Some escaped as the result of a break-in to the aviary where they were held, prompting the aviary owner to release the remainder in 1974 (Smith 1987).\nThe American Birding Association (ABA) added the Eurasian Collared-Dove to its Checklist in 1994, based on an established breeding population in Florida (DeBenedictis 1994). At the time of its addition to the ABA Checklist, the records farthest from Florida were in Louisiana and Arkansas (DeBenedictis 1994). At the same time, the ABA Checklist Committee removed from its Checklist Ringed Turtle-Dove (S. risoria: this "species" is thought to be a domestically-produced strain of African Collared-Dove S. roseogrisea), as it was believed that there were no longer any established, self-sustaining populations in North America (DeBenedictis 1994). There are occasional reports of Ringed Turtle-Dove in Nebraska, but all appear to be birds released or escaped from captivity.\nThe first Nebraska record of Eurasian Collared-Dove was a single bird at the feeder of Marty Mathieson in Shelton, Buffalo County on 29 November 1997. This bird was not identified to species until about 6 December (RH, LR; Nebraska Bird Review 1997, Volume 4).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".