Pacific Alliance, CPTPP and USMCA investment chapters: Substantive convergence, procedural divergence
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article compares the investment chapters of the Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement of the Pacific Alliance (PA-AP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Our objective is to determine their degree of normative convergence. We conclude that these investment chapters include very similar substantive rules and principles on international investments in terms of definitions, the rules’ scope of application, treatment standards (national treatment and most favored nation treatment), absolute standards (international minimum standard of treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security), investment protection rules (direct and indirect expropriation, compensation, and transfers), and performance requirements. We also conclude that these investment chapters differ, in some respects very strongly, regarding investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). First, TPP and USMCA rules are often similar and frequently diverge from PA-AP rules. Second, party coverage and protection coverage diverge strongly between the USMCA vis-a-vis the PA-AP and CPTPP. Thus, as a consequence of substantive convergence and strong procedural divergence, we argue that complainants will most likely choose the forum between the PA-AP, CPTPP and USMCA according to procedural reasons.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it