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Record W7081948792 · doi:10.1080/07036337.2025.2537375

Between Scylla and Charybdis: navigating EU strategic autonomy amid US-China trade competition

2025· article· en· W7081948792 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of European Integration · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicGeochemistry and Geologic Mapping
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia
FundersH2020 European Research CouncilCanada Research Chairs
KeywordsAutonomyCompetition (biology)European unionStrategic partnershipEuropean commissionFree trade

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Amid growing Sino-American competition, we would expect the US and China to deploy ‘binding’ and ‘wedging’ strategies to encourage Europe to align with it against the other. As this article shows, however, in the realm of trade, their behaviour has been less strategic – and more haphazard, volatile and contradictory – than theories of great power competition would predict. Driven primarily by domestic political considerations, the US and China’s actions on trade have alienated, antagonized and repelled Europe rather than encouraging it to align with either of them. Instead, external threats from the US and China have served to strengthen EU unity and resolve to maintain its strategic autonomy. Navigating threats from both sides, the EU has charted its own course, seeking to defend the rules-based multilateral trading system, while also developing new tools to better defend its interests, including ones specifically designed to promote internal binding and counter external wedging.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.702
Threshold uncertainty score0.364

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.247
Teacher spread0.230 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it