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Record W7081954687 · doi:10.1108/jole-12-2024-0133

The use of a serious gaming simulation in military leadership development

2025· article· en· W7081954687 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Leadership Education · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicGeochemistry and Geologic Mapping
Canadian institutionsOntario Tech UniversityTrent University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsLeadership developmentLeader developmentShared leadershipLeadership styleNeuroleadershipTransformational leadershipLeadership studiesStrategic leadership

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Purpose This study examined the effectiveness of the serious gaming simulation (SGS) Fligby® for leadership development among officers in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). Fligby® is based on the philosophical foundation of Flow and Flow-based leadership originally articulated. We chose to include leadership in VUCA contexts as VUCA is a term first introduced by the American military, and we wondered if the current VUCA environment within the CAF might be a factor negatively impacting the leadership culture. Since leadership development is prioritized for fostering essential cultural change within the CAF, we aimed to evaluate whether the SGS Fligby®, along with a pre-simulation workshop discussing Flow-based leadership and VUCA leadership, could effectively facilitate leadership development within the CAF. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative, phenomenological study of military leadership development. Data collection consisted of two data sets: (1) focus groups and (2) semi-structured interviews. Findings Participants reported enhanced self-awareness as leaders and an improved understanding of “VUCA,” “Flow” and “Flow-based leadership.” They also reported an improved understanding of leadership after the pre-simulation workshop and Fligby® gameplay. Participants suggested that the utility of the Fligby® simulation might best be realized with emerging junior military leaders who need to work in teams and thus enhance their human skills and decision-making as compared to leaders at a higher level in the Canadian military who focus on the more conceptual, strategic and organizational level. Overall, participants rated the workshop and simulation favorably for leadership development. Research limitations/implications There were several limitations to our research. Firstly, we would have preferred more time to develop VUCA and Flow-based leadership concepts with the participants. A one-day workshop was not enough time to fully explore these two concepts embedded in the Fligby® simulation. However, we had five days on-site with the officers to complete the workshop, gameplay, focus groups and semi-structured interviews, which were graciously set aside for our research by the Canadian Army Simulations Centre team and the participants. Another limitation of the research is that acute staffing shortages in the CAF and the consequent overload on existing personnel meant we had a sample of 11 officers at the rank of Captain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel (some retired from active service but continued working with the CAF as contractors). A third limitation of our research is the selection of participants. We believed the Fligby® simulation would best suit senior-level officers at Captain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel ranks. However, although the participants shared positive feedback on the workshop and the Fligby® simulation, they suggested that the seminar and simulation would be even more effective with newer emerging junior military leadership. Practical implications For the CAF leadership seeking systemic culture change throughout the organization, this study assists through identifying and improving specific leadership competencies using the SGS Fligby®. This study also provides an understanding of the ability of Flow-based leadership to develop a positive, Flow-oriented work/organizational culture within the Canadian Armed Forces. We wondered if a Flow-based approach to leadership might serve as a practical paradigmatic framework to support the desired culture change within the CAF. Further, the study presents insights into the effectiveness of the Fligby® SGS in fostering adaptable, strategic and human-centric leadership mindsets and skill sets for leadership and followership. Originality/value This research is part of an ongoing quest by leadership scholars across both public and private sectors to identify effective leadership development practices. This research is unique because of its use of the Fligby® SGS for military officer leadership development. SGSs have been used for military leadership development, but the Fligby® simulation together with a pre-simulation workshop discussing FLOW and FLOW-based leadership linked to VUCA leadership has not been so deployed.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.761
Threshold uncertainty score0.231

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.142
GPT teacher head0.305
Teacher spread0.163 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it