Expecting the expected: an analytical framework to examine people’s expectations of robots
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a novel framework for human-robot interaction designers to analyze and explore expectations of their robot designs. It consists of a model of how people form expectations of robots, and a taxonomy for classifying them. A known challenge in human-robot interactions is expectation discrepancy, in which the expectations people form when interacting with a social robot are not aligned with its actual capabilities. This can disappoint users and hinder interaction. Research has proposed ways to mitigate expectation discrepancy, but designers lack a systematic approach to analyzing and describing expectations. We developed a rigorous theoretical framework by drawing from theories and models from psychology and sociology on expectations between people, and by conducting a field review of expectations in human-robot interactions. We further propose methods for designers to leverage the framework in systematic analysis of how and why people form expectations of a given robot and what those expectations may be. This can empower designers with greater control over people’s expectations, enabling them to combat expectation discrepancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.034 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".