Multidisciplinary environmental assessment of oil refinery activities in Erbil, Iraq: Implications for water, soil, air, and human health
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents an extensive environmental impact assessment of the Erbil Oil Refinery, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The evaluation included surface water, groundwater, soil, and air quality analyses to identify the ecological and public health implications of refinery operations. Surface water samples from the Greater Zab River revealed elevated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and copper concentrations downstream from the refinery, suggesting localized organic and heavy metal contamination. Groundwater analysis from six wells detected widespread exceedance of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), arsenic, and lead beyond Iraqi permissible limits, indicating serious risks to potable water safety. Air quality monitoring showed high concentrations of PM₂.₅ exceeding USEPA standards, particularly near the refinery, while PM₁₀ remained within safe limits in most seasons. Soil samples collected from eight sites demonstrated significant petroleum hydrocarbon presence and elevated levels of trace metals such as lead and copper near the refinery. Using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) indices, surface water and groundwater were classified as "fair" to "good", while soil quality ranged from "medium" to "low". The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, remediation strategies, and long-term monitoring to protect environmental and human health in Erbil.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it