Defluoridation of Water Using Low Cost Bioadsorbents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To meet drinking water standards, fluoride levels must be kept below 1 mg/L to prevent fluorosis. This study evaluates low-cost bioadsorbents—cashew shell powder, coconut shell powder, coconut shell crystal, and hydrothermally treated bamboo shoot powder—using batch adsorption at pH 4.4–4.9 and contact times of 1.5–3 hours. 3.5 g coconut shell powder and a mixture of 1.5 g coconut shell powder and 1.5g of cashew shell powder achieved 10 % removal, reducing fluoride from 10 ppm to 9 ppm. Both 2 g coconut shell crystal with 1 g cashew shell powder and bamboo shoot powder dosages of 2–6 g achieved 30 % removal (10 ppm to 7 ppm), while higher bamboo shoot dosages (8–10 g) showed lower efficiency due to supersaturation. The crystal form of coconut shell and bamboo shoot carbon are the most effective adsorbents, and it was found that dosage, pH, and contact time influence the Deflouridation efficiency. These bioadsorbents can be used for community level defluoridation using affordable, locally available materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".