Economic feasibility of solar and wind energy harvesting in Karbala, Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study discusses the economic feasibility of investment in renewable energy comparing wind turbines (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) technology. Nine scenarios were compared according to economic indices namely Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) using parameters like power efficiency, capital cost, and electricity tariff. By incorporating a 20 kW battery storage system to support night-time demand, and considering current market rates for investment, operation, and maintenance alongside local and international electricity tariffs, the study concludes that at an international electricity price of $0.10/kWh, wind turbine (WT) systems achieve an NPV of $43,674—approximately 1.5 times higher than that of photovoltaic (PV) systems ($28,764.5). In addition, the IRR for WT and PV were found to be 15.2 % and 16.7 %, respectively, suggesting that both technologies can be financially viable given favourable tariffs. The need for tariff reform, cost reduction, and efficiency enhancement to release renewable energy investment in Iraq is emphasized by these findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".