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Record W7125010838 · doi:10.14339/sto-sas-ora-2024-2

An Approach to Estimate the Impact to Mission Functions Following a Cyber Breach

2025· article· W7125010838 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueNATO Journal of Science and Technology · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldEngineering
TopicMilitary Strategy and Technology
Canadian institutionsDefence Research and Development Canada
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBattlespaceCyberspaceSophisticationKey (lock)Cyber threatsData breachSituation awarenessCyberwarfareCyber-attack

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The ability to plan, execute, and oversee military operations relies on well-defined operational functions, which for the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are command, sense, act, shield, and sustain. These functions, crucial in collaborative engagements and coalition campaigns, constitute a tailored balance essential for battlespace roles and are increasingly conducted in and through cyberspace. However, the increased frequency and sophistication of cyber attacks targeting the military’s operations in and through cyberspace pose a threat to these foundational pillars of military capability, potentially endangering ongoing missions. Understanding the consequences of a cyber breach on these mission functions is therefore imperative for commanders to make informed decisions. To address this need, we propose employing Cyber Damage Assessment (CDA) measures to estimate the impact on specific operational functions following a cyber breach. Our approach involves ingesting operational and business data to determine metrics and measures representing losses resulting from a cyber breach. We then use fuzzy logic to aggregate measures for multiple key performance indicators for cyber damage with commanders’ experiential knowledge regarding military capabilities and their corresponding losses, thereby providing estimates to the impacts on specific military functions following a cyber breach. Our results, which are self-consistent, offer impact estimates aligned with commanders’ experiential insights, thus providing valuable input for decision-making in the face of a cyber breach scenario.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.528
Threshold uncertainty score0.760

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0030.007
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.312
Teacher spread0.303 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it