EXTREME PROTESTS: CHANGING PROTEST REPERTOIRES IN LABOR MOVEMENTS IN NEOLIBERAL KOREA*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focuses on the question of changing protest repertoires and asks what explains the emergence of extreme repertoires (a protest form that is lone in nature, accompanied by a high level of self-imposed danger and pain, and staged for a collective cause) in labor movements in times of institutionalized democracy and capitalist affluence in South Korea. Social movement scholarship has emphasized that massive structural transformations, such as nation-state building, industrialization, and regime types, give birth to renovated protest forms. This study moves beneath these nation-state oriented, structural arguments for protest repertoire change, and explicates how the varied positions of the sectoral movement within power relations vis-a-vis state institutions, corporations, and civil society inform activists to choose alternative protest methods. The arguments are based on protest repertoires data collected and coded from newspaper reports in 1999-2019 as well as interviews with labor activists and their published writings in 2017-2022.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".