Stone slingshots from the Adzhiel I settlement in the context of the military and political history of the Bosporan Kingdom in the 1st century BC – 1st century AD
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines stone slingshots found during archaeological excavations of the Adzhiel I settlement in Eastern Crimea. The settlement, dating from the 1stcentury BC to the early 2ndcentury AD, is located in the Crimean Azov region, on the plateau-like surface of the steep cape of the Adzhiel ravine, in the northern section of the Uzunlar defensive line. The slingshots were classified by their materials and weight. According to the authors, the discovery of the slingshots in a single location and within a single cultural layer clearly indicates their military use. This is supported by the fact that directly beneath the cliff atop which the Adzhiel I settlement was located, a road ran through the second pass in the Uzunlar Valley, and possibly the only bridge in the immediate area over the Adzhiel River was operational. Considering the location of this ancient road, which was supposed to be controlled by the Adzhiel I garrison, as well as the area on the edge of the plateau where the slingshots were discovered, only the use of a slingshot could have forced the fort's soldiers to take cover behind the walls and allowed the enemy army to advance from the west without losses and cross the river and the Adzhiel ravine. If we are talking about such military actions, then this was connected with the Adzhiel I settlement, and could have been the military actions waged here by the Roman protégé Polemon I of Pontus against the Bosporans in the middle of the last quarter of the first century BC. However, it is more likely that these events were connected with the defeat of the border fortifications by the Romans during the Bosporan-Roman War of 45–49 BC.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it