Mediterranean Travel, Interconfessional Rivalry, and the Written Languages of Late Mamluk Mount Lebanon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the twentieth century, the languages of medieval Mount Lebanon became a subject of contention between Arab and Lebanese nationalists. A largely unstudied manuscript corpus from the fifteenth century illuminates this matter. In this corpus, bilingualism prevails, with Middle Arabic serving as the primary written language and Syriac serving as the language of worship and prestige. This article draws on colophons, chronicles, and the fifteenth-century literary texts to examine the norms governing language in late Mamluk Mount Lebanon. It is centered on the lives and works of Mūsá Ibn ʿAṭshah, Yūḥannā ibn Ḥasan, Nūḥ al-Baqūfānī, and Jibrāyil Ibn al-Qilāʿī. Through these figures, it considers authorial intention, educational background, audience, and dynamics of power as determinants of language choice. From this social history of language, a portrait of Mount Lebanon emerges as the site of Syriac revival and a new Christian Arabic literature at the confluence of Mamluk culture, Eastern Christianity, Franciscan vocation, and the Mediterranean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".