Gender, Visibility and Public Space in Refugee Claims on the Basis of Sexual Orientation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, many Western refugee-receiving countries have accepted that lesbians and gay men may be eligible refugee claimants through the “membership of a particular social group ” category of the Refugees Convention.2 Key receiving nations such as Germany,3 the USA,4 and Canada5 in the late 1980s and early 1990s accepted that lesbians and gay men might belong to a particular social group.6 Australia followed suit in 19947 and the UK, after many conflicting decisions, accepted eligibility only in 1999.8 In 2002, the European Parliament voted to broaden the draft European Commission Directive on the definition of a refugee to explicitly include sexual orientation, gender identity and HIV status as elements of the particular social group category.9 However, eligibility to bring a claim is only the first step in the refugee determination process. Although the definition of refugee is universal and the elements of the decisions on particular social group claims based on sexual orientation are apparently straightforward (are lesbians and gay men
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".