Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many observers from other countries have remarked upon the competitive spirit so characteristic of American life. Not only ill the business community, but in the professions, in the entertainment world, and, of course, in the great sporting contests so popular in America, a noteworthy degree of friendly rivalry seems to exist. This competition, it is observed, causes men to put forth their best efforts in order to surpass the achievements of their fellow citizens. Accustomed to more static, class conscious societies, visitors to the United States and Canada are often awe-struck by the mobility, the dynamism, the bustling activity, the confident and energetic character they observe in the peoples of these countries. Great tasks, such as the building of dams or huge skyscrapers or the opening of new territories, are undertaken in a zestful spirit of adventure and sometimes seem to be accomplished almost overnight. What is the explanation of this extraordinary activity, this happy combination of man's energy with nature's abundance on the North American continent? To what human or natural characteristics can one attribute this activity and that deep attachment of the American people to their political and social institutions ? Why have successive waves of immigrants come to in the belief that this was the place in the world where all comers can find the best opportunity to do what they like and get what they want? And once arrived in their new homeland, why have these immigrants immediately become as firmly attached to American ideals and institutions as the men and women who have long enjoyed the liberties and opportunities to be found there ? The answer may be said to lie in the word has been, and is today, the land of opportunity. The great German poet, Goethe, said America you have it better! The 39 million immigrants who entered the United States in the 125
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".