DETERMINATION OF USAGE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF A PIT FEATURE AT THE EARLY BRONZE I ASHKELON MARINA, ISRAEL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of the luminescence properties of one of several pit features removed from the Ashkelon Marina EB1 (Early Bronze I) archaeological site during a 1998 excavation unequivocally determines their function in antiquity. The features are shallow (£ 50 cm) cup-shaped pits preserved in the ground. A hardened and reddened layer of earth £ 3cm thick forms the shape of each pit, and a thin layer of white calcite is observed to lie upon the hardened earth. The pit is filled with soft buff coloured, quartz-dominated sediments, indistinguishable from the sediments which underlie it. This feature, and several others at the site, are suspected to be putative fire pit installations, over which crucibles for the melting of copper had been placed. However, the lack of any direct association of copper residues or artifacts found at the site with any of the pit features leaves this hypothesis unproven. Previous investigations, which included X-ray diffraction, differ- ential thermal analysis, optical mineralogy studies, and FT-IR spectral measurements, have been unable to confirm the association of the pit features with fire. Calibrated radiocarbon dates place the use of the site at 5500-5300 BP. We applied optical dating and thermoluminescence (TL) dating to the hardened red layer and the overlying fill sediments, in order to determine the last time of firing and/or exposure to sun- light of the two components of the feature. The premise driving our investigations is the fact that heated sediments will give the correct TL age. In contrast, unheated sediments will give an incorrect TL age far in excess of the depositional age, but will give a correct optical dating age. The TL analyses yielded ages of 5160 -380 years for the hardened rim and 24,600 -1600 years for the fill. Optical dating of the fill yielded an age of 5260 -380 years, which is in excellent agreement with the TL age on the rim. These results fulfil the hypothesized results precisely. On this basis, we conclude that the pit features at the Ashkelon Marina archaeo- logical site were fire pits used in early copper smelting technology. OSL AND TL DATING, BRONZE AGE, ASHKELON
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".