Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Over the past 10-15 years, although the overall use of firearms in violent crime has declined, handguns have increasingly become the firearm of choice in both Australia and other English-speaking countries. Handguns are often used as a means of protection, particularly among people involved in gangs and the drugs market, and their concealable nature, high firepower and large calibre are often cited as features prompting their acquisition by the criminal community. This paper describes the use of handguns to commit lethal and non-lethal crime in Australia; and in light of recent legislative restrictions on handgun ownership and use, the legal status of handguns used in these crimes. Overall there appear to be low ownership rates among offenders in Australia. However, handguns currently account for around half of all firearm-related homicides and are distinguishable from other homicides, particularly with regard to location (non-residential), relationship between victim and offender (known but not related), and alleged motive (money or drugs). Handgun- perpetrated armed robberies are also found to be distinct from robberies committed with other weapons, with a higher proportion targeting organisations and netting greater monetary yields. The majority of handguns used in crime appear to be illegal. Available data suggest many are acquired from friends or family, and diversion, including theft from legal sources, may represent an important source of handguns (and other firearms) into the illegal market and their subsequent use in crime. Judy Putt General Manager, Research Introduction A study of firearm possession and use among organised crime gangs in the United Kingdom noted that 'criminals at all levels favour handguns' (SOCA 2006). Weapon use data from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia (New South Wales) also suggest a preference for handguns, with firearm homicide, attempted murder and robbery largely committed with handguns, rather than rifles or shotguns (Dauvergne & Li 2006; FBI 2007; Kaiza, Coleman & Reed 2007; Williams & Poynton 2006). While the overall use of firearms in violent crime has declined in these countries, the proportional use of handguns has increased. Factors prompting weapon choice and use have received some attention in the literature, but rarely those that specifically influence firearm choice, although cost, ease of procurement and concealment, need for protection, and status are possible determinants. For example, US prisoners stated a preference for firearms that are easily concealable and of a large calibre (e.g. handguns - Wright & Rossi 1994). Handgun ownership and use among young men, particularly those in gangs or involved in the drug trade, has become commonplace in the United States and United Kingdom due to increased access and need for concealable protection, and as a status symbol (Blumstein 1995; Hales, Lewis & Silverstone 2006). In New Zealand, prisoners incarcerated for armed robbery related a tendency to use sawn-off shotguns rather than handguns (Newbold 1999). Handguns, in contrast to sawn-off shotguns, were expensive and much more difficult to procure in New Zealand, and were acquired primarily for prestige, self-defence and security purposes rather than as a weapon for use in crime. Firearm-related crime is relatively low in Australia. However, high-profile violent incidents involving handguns renew debate about handgun violence in Australia and, in the context of recent legislated restrictions on handgun ownership, whether legally or illegally owned handguns are used to commit most handgun crime in Australia. Using data from four Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) monitoring programs - National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP), National Armed Robbery Monitoring Program (NARMP), Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) and National Firearms Theft Monitoring Program (NFTMP) - this paper describes the use of handguns to commit lethal and non-lethal crime (specifically homicide and armed robbery), and estimates the level of illegal handgun use among criminals, as it applies to recorded data. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».