Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction Many cities aggressively compete to host sport events for the anticipated economic benefits from sport tourists, infrastructure development, foreign investment, and international prestige (Gratton, Shilbi, and Coleman, 2005). Sport mega-events, i.e., Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, UEFA EURO Cup, Commonwealth Games, as well as second-tier and relatively smaller events, can have significant social, economic, and environmental impacts on host communities. Further, the brand and image of a destination may in some cases become inextricably linked to the sport event i.e. Innsbruck, Austria (Winter Olympics); Augusta, Georgia (Masters Golf Championship); Barcelona, Spain (Summer Olympic Games). Research on sport tourism events has evolved from Ritchie and Aitken's longitudinal research on the Calgary Winter Olympic Games (1984) and the comprehensive assessment of the Adelaide Grand Prix (Shaw et al., 1989). The articles examines the progression and current state of sport event tourism research with respect to stakeholder and social exchange theories, universal access (Darcy, 2001), impact assessments (environmental, social/cultural, and economic) (Baade & Matheson, 2004; Burns & Mules, 1989), consumer behaviours (Scott & Turco, 2007); image, legacy (Preuss, 2007; eitchie, 2000), and sustainability. Emphasis is placed not only on what research has been performed and how, but why. In addition, key issues in sport event tourism research are discussed and new areas for research are explored. First, I will define and operationalise some key terms and concepts central to sport event tourism. Sport events come in various formats, sizes, and durations. There are tournaments, races, series and circuits, friendly exhibitions, and highly competitive and combative bouts. The constant is sport: Physical competition, governed by rules and norms, with a declared winner or winners. Prominent events are often sized as mega, hallmark, or large-scale. Hallmark events are major one-time or recurring events of such magnitude that they place significant impacts on the host city or region. In sport, there are really two mega-events, the FIFA World Cup and Summer Olympic Games. The Commonwealth Games, Cricket World Cup, Super Bowl, are large hallmark sport events. Some events extend for weeks i.e. Rugby World Cup, and others, Kentucky Derby, are over in two minutes, though the post-race party lingers on. Sport events in small communities may produce relatively similar impacts as larger events in larger cities or countries. Sport tourists There are two primary types of sport event tourists: Participants and spectators. Participants travel to event destinations to play sport. They may be elite professionals or rank amateurs. Participatory sport tourists may include runners in the Berlin Marathon or mountain bikers in Moab, leisure skiers in Innsbruck or young Finnish footballers playing a series of friendly matches in Spain. The qualifier for participatory sport tourists is that they are visitors to the host destination and they are actively engaged in sport. Sport tourist spectators are visitors who watch others participate in sport. They may travel to witness their favorite team play away matches as is the case with Manchester United's many fans, accompany loved ones at sport contests, or attend the Olympic Games or World Cup. Consider the Little League World Series in tiny Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Held annually in August, the Little League World Series is the pinnacle of athletic achievement for boys up to 13 years of age. Teams from around the world compete in round robin and elimination play, attracting over 500,000 spectators and live television coverage worldwide on ESPN. The athletes, coaches, and officials are also sport tourists to Williamsport for the ten days of the LLWS. Stakeholder theory contends that there are other key parties involved in a sporting event besides athletes, organizers and spectators, including governmental bodies, media, sponsors, prospective fans, and the public at large. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».