The Most Comprehensive Judicial Record Ever Produced: The Polygamy Reference
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACTIn the fall of 2010 and the spring of 2011, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia presided over an unprecedented proceeding in Canadian legal history-a hearing conducted at the trial court level into the constitutionality of Canada's criminal prohibition of polygamy. The authors are legal counsel at the Department of Justice and were part of the legal team that successfully defended the constitutionality of the prohibition on behalf of the Attorney General of Canada.This Essay discusses various aspects of the litigation, including the uniqueness of the proceeding, the voluminous evidentiary record it generated, the positions taken by the primary participants, and the Chief Justice's decision. The record before the Chief Justice provided an unparalleled overview of the impact of polygamy on individuals, communities, and nation-states and led to his ultimate conclusion that polygamy, as a marital institution, is inherently harmful.INTRODUCTIONCanada's statutory prohibition on polygamy has been around for over 100 years. It originated primarily in response to concerns that the existing prohibition on bigamy was not sufficient to capture nonlegal plural marriages.1 A conviction for bigamy required an attempt to enter into two or more legal marriages, and some forms of plural marriages, such as Mormon spiritual marriages, were conducted in private ceremonies and were thought to be technically exempt from the prohibition on bigamy.2 In order to ensure that these marriages would be caught by the criminal law, Section 293, which prohibits multiple marriages, whether sanctioned by civil, religious, customary, or other means, was added to the Criminal Code of Canada in 1892.3In the years following the enshrinement of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms into the Canadian Constitution in 1982,4 questions arose as to the Charter compliance of the Criminal Code's prohibition on polygamy. Various levels of government, as well as civil libertarians and some religious organizations, wondered if the prohibition may offend the Charter's guarantees of religious freedom and life, liberty, and security of the person. It was thought that the prohibition was inappropriately based on a Christian worldview that privileged monogamous marriage and excluded other forms of consensual, loving relationships. Canada's growing acceptance of different forms of relationships, including the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2005, further called into question the constitutionality of the prohibition on polygamy as many wondered how Canada could justify criminal sanctions on some forms of nonnormative relationships but not others.Given the existence of a large community of Fundamentalist Latter-day Saints (FLDS) in Bountiful, British Columbia, the province of British Columbia had a particular interest in the constitutionality of the polygamy offense. After many years of legal opinions from government lawyers, as well as outside counsel, the provincial government decided to obtain an opinion from the Supreme Court of British Columbia (BCSC) on the constitutionality of Section 293. On October 22, 2009, the Lieutenant Governor in Council of British Columbia asked the BCSC to conduct a hearing into the constitutionality of the Criminal Code's prohibition on polygamy in Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada (the Polygamy Reference).5We were part of the legal team representing the Attorney General of Canada (AGC) during the hearing of the Polygamy Reference in the fall of 2010 and spring of 2011. Along with the Attorney General of British Columbia (AGBC), we defended the constitutionality of the prohibition. The Chief Justice of BCSC was appointed to hear the reference proceeding and he, in turn, appointed an Amicus Curiae to argue that the prohibition was unconstitutional. In addition to these three primary participants, the Chief Justice permitted eleven advocacy organizations to intervene in the proceedings. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,020 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,008 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,007 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,011 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».