Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The risk of chlorpyrifos (CPY) to aquatic organisms in surface water of North America was assessed using measured concentrations in surface waters and modeling of exposures to provide daily concentrations that better characterize peak exposures.Ecological effects were compared with results of standard laboratory toxicity tests with single species as well as microcosm and mesocosm studies comprised of complex aquatic communities. The upper 90th centile 96-h concentrations(annual maxima) of chlorpyrifos in small streams in agricultural watersheds in Michigan and Georgia were estimated to be :-:;0.02 llg L-1; in a reasonable worstcase California watershed, the 90th centile 96-h annual maximum concentrations ranged from 1.32 to 1.54 llg L - 1• Measured concentrations of chlorpyrifos are less than estimates from simulation models. The 95th centile for more than I 0,000 records compiled by the US Geological Survey was 0.008 llg L -1• Acute toxicity endpoints for 23 species of crustaceans ranged from 0.035 to 457 llg L -I; for 18 species of aquatic insects, from 0.05 to 27 llg L -I; and for 25 species of fish, from 0.53to >806 llg L -I. The No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAECeco) in more than a dozen microcosm and mesocosm studies conducted in a variety of climatic zones, was consistently 0.1 llg L -1• These results indicated that concentrations of CPY in surface waters are rarely great enough to cause acute toxicity to even the most sensitive aquatic species. This conclusion is consistent with the lack of fish kills reported for CPY's normal use in agriculture in the U.S.Analysis of measured exposures showed that concentrations in surface waters declined after labeled use-patterns changed in 2001, and resulted in decreased risks for crustaceans, aquatic stages of insects, and fish. Probabilistic analysis of 96-h time-weighted mean concentrations, predicted by use of model simulation for three focus-scenarios selected for regions of more intense use of CPY and vulnerability to runoff, showed that risks from individual and repeated exposures to CPY in the Georgia and Michigan watersheds were de minimis. Risks from individual exposures in the intense-use scenario from California were de minimis for fish and insects and low for crustaceans. Risks from repeated exposures in the Californiain tense-use scenario were judged not to be ecologically relevant for insects and fish,but there were some risks to crustaceans. Limited data show that chlorpyrifos oxon(CPYO), the active metabolite of CPY is of similar toxicity to the parent compound.Concentrations of CPYO in surface waters are smaller than those of CPY and less frequently detected. Risks for CPYO in aquatic organisms were judged to be deminimis.Several uncertainties common to all AChE inhibitors were identified. Insufficient data were available to allow interpretation of the relevance of effects of CPY (and other pesticides that also target AChE) on behavior to assessment endpoints such as survival, growth, development, and reproduction. Data on the recovery of AChE from inhibition by CPY in fish are limited. Such data are relevant to the characterization of risks from repeated exposures, and represent an uncertainty in the assessment of risks for CPY and other pesticides that share the same target and toxico dynamics. More intensive monitoring of areas of greater use and more comprehensive models of cumulative effects that include rates of accumulation, metabolism and recovery of AChE in the more sensitive species would be useful in reducing this uncertainty.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».