Energy Drink Cocktails: A Dangerous Combination for Athletes and Beyond
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACT combined-use of alcohol and drinks (EDs) on college campuses and in communities has become a considerable public health concern. Among college students, intercollegiate athletes have been identified as being particularly at-risk for excessive alcohol consumption and resultant health and behavioral consequences. main purpose of this study was to measure patterns of alcohol, combined-use, and ED-only use among men and women student-athletes (N = 401; 257 male, 144 female), and to investigate whether or not significant differences existed within combined-users on risk-taking and consequences when comparing alcohol-only to the combined-use of alcohol and EDs. Among alcohol drinkers (n = 315), 92% participated in alcohol binge drinking and 150 (47. 6%) combined alcohol and EDs. Within combined-users, 68 of 107 males (63.6%) and 24 of 40 (60%) females reported participating in energy-binge drinking episodes (i.e., having 3 or more drinks on one occasion) when combining alcohol and EDs. When comparing alcohol-only use to combined-use within athletes who did both, results indicated that the combined-use of alcohol and EDs lead to a significant overall increase in reported risk-taking. There is a critical need to include more information about the effects of EDs and combined-use in existing substance abuse treatment and prevention programs. TERMINOLOGY Energy Drink (ED): An 8 ounce serving of drinks containing caffeine, taurine, B-vitamins, and other ingredients. Not coffee or drink simply high in caffeine. Energy-Binge: 3 or more EDs on one occasion--can be with or without alcohol. Combined-user: Used both alcohol and EDs together and alcohol-only on separate occasions. Alcohol-only use: Drinking only alcohol on that occasion and not consuming EDs. Since the introduction of Red Bull in the United States in 1997, the drink (ED) market has grown exponentially. ED sales have increased from an estimated $200 million in the U.S. in 2002 (Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 2008), to $5.4 billion in 2006 (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009). To reduce alcohols' depressant effects people have mixed stimulants with alcohol for decades, and evidence suggests that this behavior is increasing due to the proliferation of drinks (Malinauskas, Aeby, Overton, Carpenter-Aeby, & Barber-Heidal, 2007; O'Brien, McCoy, Rhodes, Wagoner, & Wolfson, 2008). As witnessed by widespread use and positive athlete testimonials (e.g., 5-hour energy), EDs appear to be perceived as safe. However, EDs are unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration and have not been 'recognized as safe' (FDA, 2003). Power of Advertising Strategic advertising campaigns claiming improved performance, alertness, concentration, and mood have been influencing the increased use of EDs (Miller, 2008a; 2008b). To further promote increased use, college students are regularly given free samples during nightclub promotions or during times of increased stress such as finals week (Woolsey & Kensinger, 2009). objectives of these strategies are simple, give students free samples to get them using. Then, once they are hooked, charge high prices ($2-4 per can) and take full advantage of the addictive properties. Miller (2008c) suggested that ED companies exploit the 'jock identity' of athletes and use enticing marketing ploys to attract young people. Historically, ED advertising has targeted young males and glorified the risk-taking lifestyle (Miller, 2008a; 2008c). More recently however, companies have realized the tremendous sales growth potential of targeting women. For example, VPX Sports Nutrition (2010) created a product called Redline Princess in bright pink bottles with flavors such as peach mango. According to the VPX Redline Princess product description (2010), The biggest concern women seem to have with most energy products is that they don't want to feel totally jacked up! …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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