Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The purpose of this article is to use the concept of“political utility”to explain why and how the Canadian government has adopted“Human Security”not as a broad definition but as a narrow one. It is often said in policy studies that it is easy for policymakers to set up a clear policy goal and select the most effective means to achieve it when an issue is defined as narrowly as possible. This view is known as“policy relevance”. In fact, actual policymaking is always affected by politics. Political actors such as politicians, bureaucrats and interest-groups try to incorporate their own interests or beliefs in the policy process and to derive some political value from a policy. This is called as“political utility”in this paper. With regard to this view of the policy making process, one of the problems concerning“Human Security”is about its definition. “Human Security”was originally presented as a policy agenda in the“Human Development Reports”published by the United Nations Development Programme（UNDP）in 1994. UNDP defines“Human Security”as safety from various kinds of threats such as chronic poverty, disease, unemployment, environmental pollution, and repression. “Human Security”is also divided into two policy goals;“freedom from want”and“freedom from fear”. The latter mainly focuses on the protection of people in situations of internal conflict while the former emphasizes development agenda such as alleviation of economic disparities and reduction of poverty. Some policymakers claim“Human Security”to be the goal of their country’s foreign policy, but this is problematical because the concept is too ambiguous to provide the policymakers with a clear principle for prioritizing among many competing foreign policy issues. Therefore, they redefine“Human Security”focusing only on“freedom from fear”. This is called a narrow definition in comparison with abroad definition used by UNDP. The Canadian government is one of the most active promoters of the narrow definition, claiming it is more practicable as a policy instrument. It puts the focus of policy on the establishment of international norms and practical agenda to prevent armed conflict and to rebuild post-conflict governance structures. This article examines the policy process of Canada from 1994 to 2000. It shows how the concept of“political utility”with regard to financial reform, conflict of interest between departments and foreign minister’s interests or ambitions can be used to explain the positioning of“Human Security”within the entirety of Canadian foreign policy.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».