The evolution of small-scale forestry in Norway and its changing impacts on ecosystem health and the economic viability and societal well-being. A focus on the living forests process.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Norway is a country of small-scale forestry, with most of the forest ownership attached to small farm-foresters. The forest owners are organised through a series of Forest Owners Associations, who play a key role in working with the government on forestry and related rural development policy and legislation. Norwegian forestry has traditionally played an important role in the economy and cultural context of the country. The law of virtual free access (Everyman’s Right) to private land for recreation and activities such as walking, skiing, berry or mushroom gathering for private use, has supported the frequent use of the forests by many Norwegians. Forestry has always remained an important issue in terms of its environmental, economic and social impacts. Some of the factors that have influenced the evolution of small-scale forestry in Norway (Mitchell-Banks 2005) include, but are not limited to: • Global forestry markets in which new cheaper suppliers of forestry products have entered the market and have captured previous markets from Norwegian forestry companies – examples are countries such as from the Baltic States, Poland, etc. • Traditional forestry countries such as Finland and Sweden who have increased their forestry output and become more competitive • Rural-urban migration and the increasing absentee forest owners in Norway • The change over the last four decades in the Norwegian economy driven by the discovery of vast exploitable oil and gas reserves off the coast and the economic implications of this dominant economic sector • The impediment to forestry property sale and transfer through Allodial Law which significantly impedes the creation of larger small-scale forests. The Living Forests Project was the first time forestry had been addressed in Norway on a participatory basis with broad representation of stakeholders. This process started in the 1990s and was equally funded by the Norwegian Government and the forest sector and Forest Owners Associations and involved representation from the Government, Forest Sector, Forest Owners Associations, and Non-Governmental Groups representing recreational, environmental, labour, women and other interested stakeholders. This paper will take a particular look at the role that the Living Forests Project has played in Norwegian Forestry and the influences it has had on SmallScale Forestry’s effects on the Environment, and Economy and Social-wellbeing of the rural communities of Norway.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».