Notice bibliographique
Résumé
During the 1990s, however, researchers observed that although average hours worked changed little, the manner in which the economy distributed working time was being transformed.Hours were becoming more polarized; some workers were working more hours, others fewer.This held implications for earnings inequality, unemployment and underemployment (for some), and overwork (for others).Many began to wonder what had happened to the promise of increased leisure.Paradoxically, within the context of high unemployment in Canada and Europe, many analysts were concerned about overwork and increased time-stress among a significant portion of the population.Work sharing or short-time compensation was seen as one response to the unemployment problem in Europe and Canada.Issues regarding hours of work among women in particular also materialized.Often related to the conflict between work and family responsibilities, these concerns led to research on "flexible hours," job sharing, and other ways of providing increased flexibility in hours.The impact on worker performance and firm productivity of this potentially increased working-time flexibility also came to the fore.These and other events refocused the limelight on working time and resulted in the conference from which chapters in these volumes were selected.The conference was international in coverage, in recognition that the same economic trends leading to pressures for changing employment relationships were present in Canada, the United States, and other industrialized countries.Noted researchers such as Richard Freeman have identified this issue to be of central importance in understanding how labor markets are evolving.The International Labor Organization (ILO) also recognized the transformations taking place in Michael White's Working Hours: Assessing the Potential for Reduction . 1 A more recent and more provocative piece in the U.S. literature is Jeremy Rifkin's The End of Work . 2 The purpose of this book and the companion volume is to describe and place this transformation in a comparative and historical perspective, as well as to examine some of the new research and policy issues that have emerged in its wake.Most of the chapters in these volumes examine the situation in Canada or the United States, though some also look at working-time issues in western Europe and Australia.The essays in this volume present no central thesis, although there are
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,197 | 0,032 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».