Space weather services for the offshore drilling industry
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The requirement to extract the maximum amount of oil from reservoirs while continually striving to reduce drilling costs has led to the development of the technique of directional drilling over the last few decades. The oil industry now has the capability to drill dozens of wells from a single platform in many different directions, extending typically to 5km horizontally. The world record for extended reach drilling is in excess of 11km. The size of the geological targets requires an accuracy in direction of the order of 0.1 degrees in navigating the well-bore. Surveys of this accuracy can be made using gyroscopic instruments, but these require drilling to stop for the duration of the survey, which may be some hours. When the cost of the rig hire is taken into account it makes these surveys expensive to conduct. A cheaper method is to use magnetic survey instruments in a non-magnetic part of the drill string near the drill bit. These can make measurements while drilling, but the accuracy is limited by the accuracy with which the direction of the Earth's magnetic field is known. In the North Sea this may typically change by up to 0.2 degrees throughout the day, and during magnetic storms deviations of the order of a few degrees may be experienced. The British Geological Survey has developed the technique of Interpolated In-Field Referencing (IIFR) to remove this source of error by using data from its magnetic observatories. Data are required by the well-bore surveyors in near-real time when decisions have to be made about steering the well. The benefit to the oil industry of using IIFR derives from the fact that an accuracy similar to that achieved with gyroscopic survey tools can be achieved with magnetic survey tools. This means that wells can be drilled with fewer or no gyro surveys, greatly reducing the costs associated with navigating the well-bore. Additionally there are fewer risks to drilling operations than when running gyroscopic tools because the long pauses in drilling required by the gyro surveys may lead to the drill string getting stuck in the hole. As a space weather service, IIFR can be characterized primarily as a near real-time monitoring service. Forecasting does not play, and is not likely to play, a significant role because no decisions are made affecting drilling operations based on a space weather forecast. IIFR has been applied in more than 30 offshore oilfields around the UK, and has been applied in other high latitude oilfields offshore Canada and the USA. It is unlikely that the benefits would be significant at geomagnetic latitudes much lower than the North Sea.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,026 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».