The Cossack Hetman: Ivan Mazepa in History and Legend from Peter to Pushkin

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. For the general background, see Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, fourth ed., Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2009, 160ff., and Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, second ed., Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2010, 258–263. For synthetic treatments of Mazepa in English, see Clarence A. Manning, Hetman of Ukraine: Ivan Mazeppa, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1957, which is a somewhat romanticized account, and more briefly, L. R. Lewitter, "Mazeppa," History Today 9, 1957, 590–596; Alexander Sydorenko, "Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa, c. 1632–1709," in Great Leaders, Great Tyrants? Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History, ed. Arnold Blumberg, Westport, CT‐London: Taylor & Francis, 1995, 184–190; and "Mazepa, Ivan," in Historical Dictionary of Ukraine, second ed., eds Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon Kohut, et al., Lanham‐Toronto‐Plymouth: Taylor & Francis, 2013, 361–363.2. J.F.C. Fuller, Decisive Battles of the Western World, London: Taylor & Francis, 1954–56, vol. 2, 161–186.3. For a bibliography which lists most titles available on Mazepa in English, see Andrew Gregorovich, Cossack Bibliography, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 2008. For a more extensive bibliography of works in Slavic as well as western languages, see Olha Kovalevska, Mazepiana: Materiialy do bibliohrafii (1688–2009), Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2009, which is indexed with an impressive 2039 entries. For historiographical accounts in Ukrainian, see Dmytro Doroshenko, "Mazepa v istorychnii literaturi i v zhytti," in Mazepa: Zbirnyk, 2 vols., Warsaw: Taylor & Francis, 1938, I, 3–34, and Volodymyr Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa v ukrainskii istorychnii literaturi XVIII‐pershoi chetveti XIX st." in Mazepa e suo tempo: Storia Cultura Società/Mazepa and his Time: History Culture Society, ed. Giovanna Siedona, Alessandria: Taylor & Francis, 2004, 257–278. Also see the beautifully illustrated two‐volume collection of articles on Mazepa titled Hetman, eds Olha Kovalevska et al., Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2009, the second volume of which contains much information on historiography and historians as well as art and artists.4. For an English translation of the full text of the liturgy cursing Mazepa, see Nadieszda Kisenko, "The Battle of Poltava in Imperial Liturgy," in Poltava: The Battle and the Myth, ed. Serhii Plokhy, Cambridge, MA: Taylor & Francis, 2012, 226–269 (esp. 253).5. Kisenko writes that "Peter's arguments were primarily religious, not ethnic: in using them he was implicitly acknowledging that, rather than using the arguments of belonging to a single nation, he had to emphasize the bonds of shared faith," see Kisenko, "Battle of Poltava," 233. Also see Manning, Hetman of Ukraine, 186–187, a pro‐Ukrainian source, and Sergei Solovev, History of Russia, vol. XXVIII, tr. Lindsey Hughes, Gulf Breeze, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2007, 60, a Russian source, which differ in tone from each other. Additionally, see Serhii Pavlenko, Ivan Mazepa, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2003, 387.6. Feofan Prokopovich [Teofan Prokopovych], "Vladimir: Tragedokomediia," in Sochineniia, ed. I.P. Eremin, Moscow‐Leningrad: Taylor & Francis, 1961, 149–206.7. Teofan Prokopovych, Istoriia imperatora Petra Velykogo ot rozhdeniia ego do Poltavskoi batalii (1788) was not available to me in the original, but this and the following passage in this paragraph are quoted in full in the classic work (first published in 1822) by Dmytro Bantysh‐kamensky, Istoriia Maloi Rossii, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1993, 389, and are analyzed in great detail in Gary Marker, "Casting Mazepa's Legacy: Pylyp Orlyk and Feofan Prokopovich," Slavonic and East European Review 1–2, 2010, 110–133. Prokopovychdelivered a flowery funeral oration for Peter. For excerpts from this and other of his works in English, see Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought, New York‐Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 10–17. Also see, Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, "Poltava: A Turning Point in the History of Preaching," in Poltava, ed. Plokhy, 204–226 (esp. 215), where this author observed that Prokopovych's "hatred directed at the Hetman seems to have no limits."8. Bantysh‐kamensky, Istoriia, 389.9. See Litopys hadiatskoho polkovnyka Hryhoriia Hrabianky, tr. into modern Ukrainian by R. H. Ivanchenko, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1992, 166–175.10. Samiilo Velychko, Litopys, tr. into modern Ukrainian by Valerii Shevchuk, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1991, vol. 2, 170, and quoted in part in Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 265. Velychko's chronicle, which was written shortly after Peter's death, only goes to the year 1700 and thus is missing the chapters dealing with Poltava and most of the Great Northern War. It is a great puzzle to historians how he would have treated the matter of Mazepa's defection to the Swedes and these chapters may have been removed from the manuscript specifically because of what he said about it.11. Dmytro Doroschenko [Doroshenko], Die Ukraine und Deutschland: Neun Jahrhunderte Deutsch‐Ukrainischer Beziehungen, Munich: Taylor & Francis, 1994, 36–38 [original: Leipzig, 1941]; T. Mackiw, "Mazepa in the Light of Contemporary English and American Sources," Ukrainian Quarterly, 4, 1959, 346–362; T. Mackiw, "Reports of Mazepa in Colonial America," New Review 1, Toronto, 1966, 14–21; Dmytro Nalyvaiko, Ochyma zakhodu: Retseptsiia Ukrainy v zakhidnii Ievropi XI‐XVIII st., Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1998, 368–419 [available at: http://www.izbornyk.org.ua, accessed 31 May 2012].12. Daniel Defoe, A True Authentick and Impartial History of the Life and Glorious Actions of the Czar of Muscovy: From his Birth to his Death, London: Taylor & Francis et al., 1725, 207–208.13. Voltaire, Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède, in his Oeuvres historiques, ed. René Pomeau, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1957, 153. This translation is adapted from Voltaire, Lion of the North: Charles XII of Sweden, trans. M.F.O. Jenkins, Madison, NJ: Taylor & Francis, 1981, 121.14. Ibid.15. See T. Prymak, "Voltaire on Mazepa and Early Eighteenth Century Ukraine," Canadian Journal of History/Annales canadiennes d'histoire 2, 2012, 259–283.16. Voltaire, L'histoire de Charles XII, ed. Pomeau, 153; Voltaire, Lion, 122.17. Jan Chryzostom z Goslawic Pasek, Pamiętniki, ed. Jan Czubek, Cracow: Taylor & Francis, 1929, 316–318; translated as Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, A squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, trans. Catherine S. Leach, Berkeley, CA: Taylor & Francis, 1976, esp. 155–156. On Pasek more generally, see Czesław Miłosz, History of Polish Literature, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Taylor & Francis, 1983, 145–147.18. See J.A. Nordberg, Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède, 4 vols., La Haye: Taylor & Francis, 1742–1748.19. Nordberg, Histoire, vol. 2, 319, 339–40.20. "Mazeppa," Grosses vollständiges Universal‐Lexikon aller Wissenschaften und Kunste, vol. 19, Halle‐Leipzig: Taylor & Francis, 1732–1754 [reprint: Graz, 1961, cols. 2464–5].21. Korotkyi opys Malorosii, ed. A. Bovhyria, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2012, 102.22. Ibid., 102.23. Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 267–268, 273. Vasyl Ruban, Kratkaia letopis Maloi Rossii s 1506 po 1776 god s iziavleniem nastoiashchego obraza tamoshnego Getmanov Generalnykh starshin polkovnikov i ierarkhov, Saint Petersburg, 1777, is a bibliographical rarity that was unavailable to me for this writing; P.I. Symonovsky, Kratkoe opisanie o Kozatskom Malorossiiskom narode i o voennykh ego delakh, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1844, 119–159, available at: http://www.Izbornyk.org.ua/symon/sym04.htm#page121, accessed 23 May 2012. On Symonovsky more generally, see P.M. Sas, "Symonovsky, Petro Ivanovych," Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy, [hereafter EIU] vol. IX, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2012, 560; on Ruban's parallel work, see I.Ia. Dzyra, "Kratkaia letopis Maloi Rossii … ," EIU, 305–306, who states that Ruban painted Mazepa "in the very darkest colours."24. Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 267–268, 273.25. See Symonovsky, Kratkoe opisanie, 119–159; see as well Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 267–268.26. For a taste of Müller's writings on Ukraine, see G.F. Miller [Müller], Istoricheskaia sochineniia o Malorossii i Malorossianakh, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1846, 96, available at: http://www.izbornyk.org.ua, accessed 23 May 2012; see as well J.L. Black, G.F. Müller and the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences, 1725–1783, Kingston‐Montréal: Taylor & Francis, 1986. Müller divided the Cossacks into two groups: Little‐Russian and Don Cossacks, the first giving rise to the Zaporozhian and Sloboda Cossacks, and the second others, including the Volga, Terek, and Siberian Cossacks. Doroshenko says that he "misplaced" ("verlegt") the origin of the Cossacks in the fourteenth century, at the time that Lithuania acquired Kiev (see Doroshenko, Die Ukraine und Deutschland, 61).27. I have used O.I. Rihelman [Alexander Rigel'man], Litopysna opovid pro Malu Rosiiu ta ii narod i Kozakiv uzahali, eds P. M. Sas and V.O. Shcherbak, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1994, see esp. ibid., 524–531. On Rigel'man, see Oleksander Ohloblyn, Liudy staroi Ukrainy ta inshi pratsi, Ostroh‐New York: Taylor & Francis, 2000, 203–205; and Dmytro Doroshenko, "Survey of Ukrainian Historiography," Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US 5–6, 1957, 95–97.28. See A.I. Rigel'man, Istoriia ili poviestvovanie o donskikh kozakakh, otkol′ i kogda oni nachalo svoe imieiut, i v kakoe vremia i iz kakikh liudei na Donu poselilis′, kakiiakh byli diela i chiem proslavilis′ i proch., Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1846.29. Doroshenko says that his work on Ukraine was prepared for publication before the author died, but for some reason did not appear until sixty years later; see as well P.M. Sas, "Rihelman, Oleksandr Ivanovych," EIU, IX, 217–218.30. J.B. Scherer, Annales de la petite Russie ou histoire des Cosaques‐Saporogues et des cosaques de l'Ukraine, 2 vols, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1788. On both Büsching's translation of Ruban, and on Scherer, see D. Dorošenko [Dmytro Doroshenko], "Schererovy 'Annales de la Petite Russie' a jejich místo v ukrajinské historiografii," in Sborník věnovaný Jaroslavu Bidlovi, Prague: Taylor & Francis, 1928, 87–94. Also on Scherer, see Doroshenko, Die Ukraine und Deutschland, 62–68.31. "Il inquiéta beaucoup les Cosaques de l'Ukraine" (Scherer, Annales, 186). A Ukrainian translation of this work also exists: Zhan Benua Sherer, Litopys Malorosii abo istoriia Kozakiv‐Zaporozhtsiv ta Kozakiv Ukrainy abo Malorosii, trans. V.V. Kopitov, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1994; see ibid., 274, on this point.32. Scherer, Annales, I, 206: "Ce fut le puissant motif qui fit réussir les negotiations de Charles XII [avec Mazepa]."33. See Georgii Konisky (pseud.), Istoriia Rusov ili Maloi Rossii, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, 1846 [photoreprint Kyiv: Dzvin, 1991]. A paraphrasing French translation of this work exists: Élie Borschak [Ilko Borshchak], La légende historique de l'Ukraine: Istorija Rusov, Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1949.34. Istoriia Rusov, text, 184ff.35. Istoriia Rusov, text, 202–204. The speech is also available in English: George A. Perfecky, "Mazepa's Speech to his Countrymen," Journal of Ukrainian Studies 2, 1981, 66–72.36. Ibid.37. Istoriia Rusov, text, 204–210.38. Istoriia Rusov, text, 184.39. Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 271.40. Doroshenko, "Mazepa v istorychnii literaturi i zhytti," 6; Serhii Plokhy, "Forbidden Love: Ivan Mazepa and the Author of the History of the Rus'," in Poltava, ed. Plokhy, 553–568. See as well S. Plokhy, The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires, Cambridge: Taylor & Francis, 2012, 41–42, 193–7.41. Johann Christian von Engel, Geschichte der Ukraine und der ukrainischen Cosaken wie auch der Königreiche Halitch und Wladimir, Halle: Taylor & Francis, 1796.42. Engel, Geschichte, 307, 321–2; see as well Doroshenko, "Mazepa v istorychnii literaturi i v zhytti," 7.43. Engel, Geschichte, 321–322.44. Ibid., 321–322. On Engel more generally, see T. Prymak, "On the 200th Anniversary of the Publication of Johann Christian von Engel's History of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Cossacks," Germano‐Slavica 2, 1998, 55–62.45. Nataliia Polonska‐vasylenko, Istoriia Ukrainy, 2 vols., Munich: Taylor & Francis, 1972–76, II, 279–283.46. The fascinating judgments of Martos rendered here are quoted in full from his notes of the time in several accounts: Doroshenko, "Ukrainian Historiography," 112; Kravchenko, "Ivan Mazepa," 275–276; Plokhy, The Cossack Myth, 194; Plokhy, "Forbidden Love," 554; and more briefly in Taras Koznarsky, "Obsessions with Mazepa," in Poltava, ed. Plokhy, 569–616: 559–60.47. See Ilko Borshchak, Napoleon i Ukraina, Lviv: Taylor & Francis, 1937, who discovered in the French archives an important French project for an independent but pro‐Napoleon Ukraine, and from whom the quote on "Russian slavery" ("l'esclavage de la Russie") is taken (ibid., 19); and T. Prymak, "Napoleon and Ukraine," Nashe zhyttia/Our Life 2, New York, 1997, 14–17, which summarizes Borshchak's nearly forgotten research for the English‐speaking public.48. Charles‐Louis Lesur, Histoire des Kosaques, 2 vols., Paris: Taylor & Francis, 1814.49. Lesur, Histoire, vol.2, 81ff.; Borshchak, 79.50. [André Constant Dorville], Memoires d'Azéma, Amsterdam: Taylor & Francis, 1764.51. Heinrich Bertuch, Alexei Petrowitsch: Ein romantisch‐historisch Trauerspiel in fünf Aufzügen, Gotha: Taylor & Francis, 1812.52. See Hubert F. Babinski, The Mazeppa Legend in European Romanticism, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1974, 9–19; Walter Smyrniw, "Hetman Ivan Mazepa in Life and Literature," available at: http://www.uocc.ca/pdf/reflections/Mazepa%20%20Life, 7–8, accessed 26 September 2013. Also see Thomas Grob, "Der Innere Orient: Mazeppas Ritt durch die Steppe als Passage zum Anderen Europas," Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 56, 2005, 33–86. Grob deals with the Image of Mazepa "as other" in the literatures of western Europe and takes the story right up to the present, but defines "literature" in a narrow sense, omitting discussion of historiography or biography.53. Lord Byron, Mazeppa: A Poem, London: Taylor & Francis, 1819; reprinted many times including, most succinctly, in Forum: A Ukrainian Review 99, 26–30.54. Ibid.55. Ibid.56. Ibid.57. This point is often made in studies of Byron by Slavic authors: See, for example, the classic essay (first published in 1894) by Ivan Franko, "Lord Bairon," in his Zibrannia tvoriv u p'iatdesiaty tomakh, vol. 29, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1981, 283–292: 289; and further Mykola Zerov, Leksii z istorii ukrainskoi literatury, Oakville, Ontario: Taylor & Francis, 1977, 114, who uses the term "Polish legend" with regard to this story.58. Babinski, passim; Patricia Mainardi, Husbands Wives and Lovers: Marriage and its Discontents in Nineteenth Century France, New Haven, CT: Taylor & Francis, 2003, 185–187, emphasizes the autobiographical element in Byron's poem. At this point, it should be mentioned that Byron's "Mazeppa," unlike many of his other works, was never translated into Ukrainian by any of the romantics and goes unmentioned in the writings and letters of his younger contemporary, the Ukrainian national poet, Taras Shevchenko (1814–61). A Ukrainian translation did appear, however, in Kharkiv in 1929, just before Stalin's autocracy put an end to the Ukrainian renaissance of that time; the assault on Ukrainian nationalism made mention of this poem or, indeed, any talk of Ukrainian liberty, quite dangerous. New vistas opened up, however, with the onset of the Gorbachev reforms: See, for example, the article on "Bairon," in the Ukrainska literaturna entsyklopediia, vol. I, Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 1988, 113–114, which for the first time in many years was able to mention the Kharkiv translation. Quite apart from this, the Soviet regime always saw Byron as a "progressive" romantic poet who struggled for the liberation of oppressed peoples and enjoyed an unparalleled influence throughout Europe in his own time.59. See Mainardi, 202–204, who as her main thesis argues (182) that "during the years of the Restoration [that is, the early Romantic era], … the and on and in of was an that to the of and its This a de from the Romantic the of the in the of this at to and it is a of how be into See as well the beautifully illustrated article of Olha Kovalevska, in Hetman vol. 2, the essay of et les Annales de la des et 1966, Mazeppa: Ein der und Munich: Taylor & Francis, and Jan a 2, I have used a 2 ed. Taylor & Francis, Ibid., (esp. and her discussion of the for the several works dealing with the but about Ukraine (ibid., her notes to "Mazeppa," only Byron (ibid., See D. [Dmytro The of Ukraine," Ukrainian Review 2, more generally, see Andrew A Westport, CT: Taylor & Francis, writes of that he always des les des les des les (see 2 vols., Paris: Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, would have the of the the Ukrainska entsyklopediia, 4 vols., Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, the Soviet his as of French a Ukrainian translation of poem was not available in Soviet in 1992, it was published in the Kharkiv after the Ukrainian P. P. on the Legend of Mazepa," Ukrainian 4, Ukraine in and a in others, the Mykola and he some time at an in where he some Ukrainian and a on his "Mazeppa," to is to the and not on Ukrainian to Russian works to the most was of that which the rather on the and his it should be was of Ukrainian origin and his to See esp. V.V. Kravchenko, 4, and 9, D. Istoriia Maloi Rossii, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, second was to the Nicholas Kravchenko, Kravchenko, see as well and istorii Taylor & Francis, A Ukrainian translation of his work is [Dmytro Istoriia Maloi v do in Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, for the of Mazepa, see ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Mazepa's letters to are in "Hetman Ivan Mazepa's Mazepa e suo "The of Ukrainian Review and u i that was not a but also a who to his work as well the by including both Mazepa's letters and also of his "Ivan Mazepa," Bantysh‐kamensky, Istoriia Maloi Rossii, Also see Doroshenko, "Ivan Mazepa v istorychnii literaturi i v zhytti," summarizes as with in his of that Mazepa's Peter Ukrainian were well the Hetman had no right to the who had his and that Peter the of the with the of had been that Mazepa had of and that the of and its were a of this, he the of Ukrainian after by that Peter be only for using to his History as Taylor & Francis, 1992, Bantysh‐kamensky, Istoriia Maloi Rossii, For example, to be an of Ukrainian it primarily Russian History, Kravchenko, "Ivan See in vols., Warsaw: Taylor & Francis, vol. also a i of Lithuania and which volume of his but only it up to thus omitting of however, Polish historians did more to Mazepa: See XIX i in i i Ukrainy XIX i ed. A. and others, Warsaw: Taylor & Francis, 2012, I have used in 2 vols, Saint Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, Also see Taylor & Francis, 2000, Ibid., Ibid., to Babinski, the main point of poem seems to be a after the of the Hetman which in the end only in the of Russian Mazeppa This in the of the Ukrainian and Ivan Franko, an of more than written only the influence of Franko, in Franko, Zibrannia tvoriv u p'iatdesiaty tomakh, vol. Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, On the other that both and the Ukrainian poet Shevchenko shared an to Also see Miłosz, History of Polish Literature, but that this poet whom including a the most the of this is a on in See Babinski, Mazeppa and P. and Ukraine," Ukrainian Review 4, and Ukrainian Review 1, P. and in P. New York: Taylor & Francis, and A of the NJ: Taylor & Francis, On see in Geschichte der ed. Taylor & Francis, See and others, Warsaw: Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, and L. A. i ego second ed., Taylor & Francis, 1988, I have used in Taylor & Francis, and others, vol. 1, Mazepa with who had to on and to a with Mazepa the poet and his were in who were into because of the great of the which enjoyed very i ego Oleksander Ohloblyn, in trans. second ed., Taylor & Francis, For some for Ukrainian was by Soviet in of the general Russian and this for Ukrainian the Russian was by the Geschichte der second ed., Taylor & Francis, in the following Russian no liberation in Russian he for them the Cossacks in the and the early the Nalyvaiko, in Geschichte … und der … For accounts of Poltava in English, see Babinski, Mazeppa the works of P. P. "The of Ukrainian Quarterly, 1961, and 4, 1961, and Koznarsky, "Obsessions with Mazepa," Ukrainian A History of Russian of the Romantic vol. Taylor & Francis, and i Ukraina, Taylor & Francis, a Russian or Soviet See I have used in v tomakh, vol. Moscow: Taylor & Francis, This translation is from translation Istoriia Petra Taylor & Francis … vols, I here to M. A Taylor & Francis, It also be that had been by the of American Russian Cambridge, MA: Taylor & Francis, 1937, who that it was in the of the … For see the works of and also of Ukraine, vol. 4, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, 1993, On Mazepa, see George History the From the of to the of Taylor & Francis, 1994, See for Mazeppa: A Taylor & Francis, in F. Moscow: Taylor & Francis, On see in Babinski, Mazeppa and Miłosz, History of Polish Literature, on see Smyrniw, "Hetman Ivan Mazepa," For the on Ukrainian see Thomas M. Prymak, Mykola A Toronto: Taylor & Francis, On the see Smyrniw, "Hetman Ivan Mazepa," for the to the of which and should be is no general of to Mazepa On Borshchak, who was the most with regard to Mazepa, see Lviv: Taylor & Francis, 2007, on see "Hetman Ivan Mazepa v 1998, and on see "Hetman Ivan Mazepa v in his Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, "Mazepa, Ivan istorii Ukrainy, vol. Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, Also see "Mazepa and Soviet Historiography," Ukrainian Review Ohloblyn, "Mazepa, Ivan," in Entsyklopediia vol. 4, Paris: Taylor & Francis, Ohloblyn, the Ukrainian of the also the most of Mazepa for that Ohloblyn, Hetman Ivan Mazepa ta New York: Taylor & Francis, See also pratsi, ed. V. Kyiv: Taylor & Francis, 2003, See Orest Subtelny, "Mazepa, Peter I, and the of Ukrainian 2, Orest Subtelny, The Taylor & Francis, ibid., is a translation of to Orest Subtelny, of and and Taylor & Francis, and Orest Subtelny, u 2, 1991, i istoriia 4, at: accessed Mazepa, Moscow: Taylor & Francis, Ivan Mazepa i Istoriia Moscow: Taylor & Francis, on M. M. Prymak, is of Ukrainian of at several Canadian and is the author of many in the the was in he published a of the Ukrainian and which an from the Ukrainian Historical he published on art Slavonic and Ukrainian also in the East and the of what was Northern that is, and most titled a Ukrainian, and and the is to be published by the of in

Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.