Neurocognitive Aspects of Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders

29 Epidemiology and prevalenceDepending on the sample characteristics, between 0.15% and 1.1% of all children have GTS and boys outnumber girls by at least 4:1 (Kadesjo & Gillberg, 2000), with the most severe period of tic severity occurring at 10 years old (Leckman et al., 1998), followed by a decrease until the adult age with approximately 40% eventually becoming symptom-free (Burd et al., 2001).Although whether tics disappear or adapt in adults remains controversial (Pappert, Goetz, Louis, Blasucci, & Leurgans, 2003).Tics are also sensitive to a number of exacerbating factors including everyday psychosocial stress, anxiety, emotional excitement, and fatigue (Findley et al., 2003).Once considered very rare, the incidence of GTS in adults is about 0.1-1% (Leckman et al., 1998).The lifetime prevalence of GTS in adults is not known, but estimates vary between 5% and 10% of the population.In a recent study, O'Connor (2005) found a self-report life-time prevalence rate of 8%.Other recent estimates have placed the prevalence of GTS at 1% and chronic tic disorders at 10% of the population (Robertson, 2003;Robertson & Stern, 2000). Secondary distress caused by ticsTics are rarely life-threatening except in cases where they may provoke auto-mutilation.Psychosocial distress however can be considerable and can involve secondary phobias, depressions, social anxieties and worries over self-image, and relationship problems.In our estimation of the interference of tic and habit disorders in daily activities, we found problems ranging from unemployment, marital conflict, interpersonal difficulties, employer relations, travel restrictions, problems attending social or public functions, performance worries (e.g. about driving, speaking, teaching, dancing, sport) all of which were perceived (by the affected person) to be a result of the tic habit (O'Connor, 2005;O'Connor et al., 2001).People with tics often experience low self-esteem and are (or become) hyperattentive to the judgment of others with consequent low self-satisfaction (Thibert, Day, & Sandor, 1995). How to referenceIn order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to

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