L'entreprise face au développement durable : changement de paradigme et processus d'apprentissageThe firm faced to sustainable development: change of paradigm and learning process

Depuis 30 ans, la notion d’Environnement s’est progressivement enrichie pour devenir une nouvelle façon de concevoir le développement de notre société (développement durable). Dans cette recherche d’un nouveau mode de développement, l’industriel apparaît comme un des acteurs-clé car il est à la fois source prépondérante d’impacts environnementaux et potentiel détenteur des solutions pour y remédier. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de recherche que nous avons conduits en France, au Canada et en Italie depuis plus de dix ans, nous tentons de décrire le défi que doit relever l’entreprise et qui consiste en un changement de paradigme. Nous proposons un macro-processus d’apprentissage permettant de mettre en exergue les modifications imposées par ce changement de paradigme, en terme de valeurs directrices, de stratégies d’action et d’outputs. For 30 years, the notion of Environment has grown rich gradually to become a new way of conceiving the development of our society (sustainable development). In this search for a new mode of development, the manufacturer appears as one of the key actors because he is at the same time major source of environmental impacts and potentially holder of solutions. By basing us on the researches that we led in France, in Canada and in Italy for more than ten years, we shall describe three scenarios characterizing the relation between company and environment. The first one consists in considering that it is sufficient to take the environment into account as a new constraint leading to modify by a progressive process of adaptation the result of the concerned activity and, by distribution, the overall industrial activity. A second scenario is based on the addition of a supplementary criterion in order to modify by a process of continuous improvement the environmental quality of the industrial activity. Finally, a third scenario considers the environmental dimension as a supplementary value which has to shape industrial activity itself. The importance of the environmental problems and the growth of the environmental concern suggest the necessity of turning to the scenario 2 or 3. However, this change of scenario cannot be simply obtained by the addition of an environmental responsible or by the introduction of some methodological tools in the company; it is really about a change of paradigm. To favor this last one, we shall propose a macro process of learning composed of three stages: the first one concerns the creation of a new environmental knowledge, the second is focused on the development of a new environmental procedure and the third deals with the creation of a new industrial system. The description of this macro process of learning will allow to underline the profound modifications in term of governing values, strategies of action and consequences imposed by this paradigmatic change.

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