Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Despite a history built on immigration, immigrants are among those who struggle the most in Canada. Recent research finds that the proportion of recent immigrants (in Canada for 5 years or less) who were in poverty has risen steadily from 24.6% in 1980 to 47% in 1995, before falling to 36% in 2005. Disturbingly, this increase in poverty for immigrants was occurring at the same time as poverty rates for the non-immigrant population was generally falling. At times when the ageing population is expected to impose a heavy fiscal burden through age-related programs like pensions and health care, immigration is often looked upon as a possible way to mitigate that burden. Immigration can also help break skilled labour shortages and production bottlenecks – which can expand job opportunities for domestic-born workers. Importing people through immigration to domestically produce goods and services can be a substitute to importing such goods and services from other countries. In a study entitled “Macroeconomic Impacts of Canadian Immigration: Results from a Macro-model†(CLSRN Working Paper no. 106) by CLSRN affiliates Peter Dungan (University of Toronto), Tony Fang (York University), and Morley Gunderson (University of Toronto) find that additional immigration is likely to have a positive impact on the Canadian labour market and economy in general – with positive impacts on factors such as real GDP and GDP per capita, aggregate demand, investment, productivity, and government expenditures, taxes and especially net government balances, with essentially no impact on unemployment. Older immigrants in Canada often struggle in the labour market compared to both their native-born peers and their younger counterparts. In addition to encountering difficulties with labour market issues related to assimilation and credential recognition, immigrants as a group tend to have difficulty gaining the needed years of contribution to both public and private pension plans due to the fact that a significant part of their working careers may have occurred outside of Canada. When an immigrant arrives in Canada after the age of 50, these problems are accentuated. While the socio-economic welfare of older immigrants is concerning, there is evidence that the effects of the lower incomes on the welfare of older immigrants are mitigated to a certain extent through co-residency, presumably with their younger relatives already resident in Canada. In a CLSRN study entitled “Retirement Incomes, Labour Supply and Co-residency Decisions of Older Immigrants in Canada: 1991-2006†(CLSRN Working Paper no. 116) Ted McDonald (University of New Brunswick) and Christopher Worswick (Carleton University) examine the extent to which older immigrants are able to support themselves in their retirement years, as well as analyze the extent to which older immigrants are more (or less) likely to reside with other family members relative to the Canadian-born as a way of diminishing the effects of low income on consumption.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,551 | 0,414 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».