Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Economic theory of corporations, which has been influential in the recent decades, offers efficiency as the explanation for the open structure of present corporate law. Commending the statutes for their “enabling” character, it has been argued that the law of corporations was shaped by the consideration of efficiency. This article reviews the origin and development of business corporations in the United States since the American Revolution. It explains the restrictive attitude of public policy towards corporations in the early period and the social and political concerns that animated the discourse. The far-reaching changes made to corporate law since mid-nineteenth century arose from myriad factors and influences. There was, on the one hand, the egalitarian idea that incorporation ought to be available to all as a matter of right. On the other, business and financial interests wielded significant influence on legislative policy and were able to procure amendments that suited their needs. The review of history indicates that efficiency was not the starting point of the changes that occurred in corporate law beginning from the 1880s. Considering the history of development, the article argues that corporate statutes lack substantial legitimacy, judged by current standards. In modern democratic societies the laws enacted by elected legislatures must, as a normative ideal, represent the considered statements of public policy on a given subject. Recent events, beginning from Enron at the turn of the century to the latest governance failures in the financial sector, point to significant deficiencies in the present model of corporate law. It is, therefore, timely to make a review of history for assessing the suitability of the framework of corporate law for the present times and in defining the path for the future. The present situation is quite different from 1880-1930, when significant changes occurred in American corporate law. It was the age of American ascent. Growth of industry and business and the general rise in prosperity muffled, if not subordinated, other important considerations – social and political. Indeed, economic progress has been offered as a vindication of the current state of corporate law. A hundred years later, the world is a different place. The current recession, general industrial decline in America and other developed countries and stagnant incomes for large sections of the society for the last few decades are some factors that warrant a review of the business corporation, which is, arguably, a significant economic institution. Historically the debate on corporations in the United States has been remarkably rich, animated by vibrant political and social ideas. It was not confined to the narrow economic sphere. Another goal of this article is to recall some of the older ideas that stressed the multifaceted character of business corporations – economic, political and social. The review of history will, hopefully, contribute to enriching the debate on corporations and in exploring how the corporate device can be better attuned to the needs of the present.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».