A regulamentação internacional das patentes e sua contribuição para o processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil: análise da produção nacional de novos conhecimentos no setor farmacêutico
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
One of the most noteworthy features of intellectual property rights is the existing tension between public and private interests.Particularly in the field of patents, such tension becomes even more evident when the object of private property is key to the achievement of social goals, as is the clear case of medicines.Conceived to foster innovation and offer society an ever-increasing number of solutions to everyday problems, patents must function as real incentives to creative activity.This is feasible because for a limited period of time, the inventor is the sole detainer of the commercial rights to explore his invention.When goods are, as in the case of drugs, essential to people's lives, the analysis becomes much more complex.Monopolistic prices may hinder access to certain drugs and, thus, make public health policies more difficult.Based on monopoly rights, this protection system has social costs.Lack of economic incentives, on the other hand, may lead to shortage of investments in innovative products (see the case of neglected diseases, for instance), which also generates social cost.Is it possible to strike balance to this equation?By regulating how knowledge is shared, and by establishing limits to what can and cannot be done to knowledge products, intellectual property rights take on a key role in the debate that seeks to understand the relationship between law and development.This dissertation aims at contributing to such discussion, by primarily demonstrating that when development is conceived in a holistic manner, economic progress in itself no longer suffices nations.Thus, the economic rationale used for the patent system also ceases to fulfill development goals in a significantly increasing number of countries.The dissertation is divided into four main parts.Chapter one portrays the international environment in which most intellectual property issues are regulated, as well as the historical and political routes that led to the current Brazilian legal framework of patents and access to medicines.Chapter two analyses the main legal and economic theories that justify the existence of the patent system, as well as those that evidence its shortcomings.It further presents and discusses existing alternative options that may encourage innovation in this area.Chapter three establishes the concept of development that is central to the dissertation's main analysis, while chapter four tells the story of pharmaceutical production in Brazil.The central line traced through the dissertation makes it then possible to demonstrate how national knowledge production that may lead to pharmaceutical innovations is one of the country's main limitations.The use of a holistic view of development leads to the conclusion that the current patent framework is, in fact, inadequate and produces more damage than benefits to the development of Brazil, to the extent that it does not offer alternative solutions to monopoly power.Different incentive models that can coexist with the current system are, in this sense, desiderata.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».