Fine Sediment Deposition at Forest Road Crossings: An Overview and Effective Monitoring Protocol
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fine sediment (< 2mm) is an integral component of naturally functioning streams but can become a pollutant when development activities increase stream concentrations beyond that of the natural regime or when the sediments carry contaminants. Watershed development activities including urbanization, agriculture, and forestry can influence fine sediment quantity, quality, and its transport and storage regime by altering the natural timing and volume of water and sediment delivered to the stream channel. These development activities increase water and fine sediment delivery to streams by removing vegetation cover, disturbing soils, and connecting these disturbed areas to streams through roads, ditch lines, and/or simplified ground surfaces that enhance runoff (Bilby et al., 1989; Corner et al., 1996; Keutzweiser and Capell, 2001). Although development activities can affect the transport of larger particle sizes (e.g. gravels and cobbles), fine sediments from sand to clay are emphasized here as they have a significant impact on instream biota but also because they can impair the effectiveness of potable water supply treatment and increase its costs (Gadgil, 1998). In addition, fine sediments are a transport vector for hydrophobic contaminants (Babek et al., 2008; Taylor and Owens, 2009). This chapter provides 1) an overview of the effect that forestry generated fine sediment has on receiving stream biota and 2) an effective protocol for measuring fine sediment levels at forest road stream crossings. The routing and downstream accumulation of sediment from these stream crossing point sources is a management concern because it will affect stream biota and streambed composition at each of its temporary in-stream storage areas. This sedimentary cumulative watershed effect (CWE) is one of the most detrimental consequences of forest harvesting activities on a watershed. However, the CWE is difficult to assess because its effect is dependent upon the grain size being introduced, the number and size of streams that transport it, and the original sedimentary state of the streambed it encounters (Bunte and MacDonald, 1999). Further, while it may be possible to determine the change in fine sediment levels at a single point in the stream, it is difficult to determine which upstream land use activity instigated the change. Bunte and MacDonald (1999) suggest that to manage a watershed for cumulative sediment effects it is necessary to monitor for a minimum of 5 10 years pre-and-post harvesting because sediment transport is highly variable. However, this type of program is often considered cost prohibitive and of a longer reporting timeline than that required by many resource management programs.
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| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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