Design of A District Heating System Including The Upgrading of Residual Industrial Waste Heat
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This study was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using a waste heat stream from DSM for a District Heating System. A conceptual design was carried out with emphasis on the unit for upgrading the residual waste heat. Having reviewed heat pump technology, mechanical heat pump was found to be the best option for recovering the heat from the residual waste water. This heat pump (ammonia loop) combined with a natural gas fired heater will provide the districts with the required heat. The energy that can be extracted from the waste heat from DSM (100 TJ/annum) with a mechanical heat pump represents approximately 8% of the required energy input of the total Upgrading Unit. Therefore, additional energy input will be provided by a gas fired heater as combustion, which will also serve as a back up system. Heat pump technology is a sustainable method of heating and district heating system using heat pumps is a proven and well-known technology. It is widely used in Europe, Canada and the USA. Currently there is a district heating system in Norway using ammonia in a mechanical heat pump, which includes one airport and adjacent residential buildings and the design of another facility in the future has been considered. Moreover, nowadays environmental concerns require that the flue-gas emissions resulting from the supply of energy to processes should be minimized. By using the mechanical heat pump for upgrading the heat in this specific design, 4% emissions reduction will be achieved. The outputs of the design were established based on the required plant capacity and the results of the evaluation of the demand fluctuations and heat losses in the distribution system. Thus, the Upgrading Unit was designed for 923 Tera Joules per annum in order to compensate the heat losses in the pipeline network and supply the districts with a maximum annual demand of 780 Tera Joules. This capacity corresponds to approximately 11,000 houses being supplied with heat. The Upgrading Unit will be located as close as possible to DSM site in Delft, The Netherlands. The configuration of the distribution system and pipeline lengths were estimated based on the districts listed in a previous feasibility study. The economical plant life was assumed to be at least 15 years, considering continuous operation 24 h/day, 365 days/year. The total investment is MUS$29.3 and the production costs are MUS$20.3. They were calculated with Lang’s factored estimation method aiming to achieve ± 25% accuracy. As a result of the economic evaluation of this design, a negative cash flow of MU$6.1 was found. The Upgrading Unit might be profitable if one considers the possibility of using it as a power station in addition to the normal function as a heat producing plant. Decreasing the number of connected districts or collecting more waste water or waste water with a higher energetic value would be another option.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».