The Professional Bull Riders Tour: Growth and Development of a Niche Sport
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Professional Bull Riders Tour: Growth and Development of a Niche Sport The Professional Bull Riders Tour (PBR) was formed in 1992, when 20 professional bull riders--previously members of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association--each invested $1,000 to form their own incorporated bull riding association. Membership in the PBR now stands at over 1,200 bull riders from four countries (the United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil) and three continents (North America, South America, and Australia). Before the advent of the PBR, bull riding was one component of the traditional rodeo (the other events were bareback riding, steer wrestling, roping, and barrel racing). Bull riding had long been considered the premier rodeo event. Specifically because of bull riding's fan appeal, the founders of the PBR bet their $1,000 that the sport could stand on its own as an independent entity outside the rodeo format. Each year more than 104 million viewers tune in to the PBR on NBC, Versus, FOX, and a host of other networks across the globe (Wheatley, 2006). More than 1.5 million fans annually attend the PBR's multitiered events, which include the marquee Built Ford Tough Series (presented by Wrangler), the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company Challenger Tour, the Enterprise Rent-A-Car Tour, and the Discovery Tour, which is designed specifically for entry-level competitors (Wheatley, 2006). In 2006, the 13-year-old PBR conducted events in over 70 cities, offering successful riders a total purse of over $6.2 million. To collect a check, a 150-lb rider must stay on a bull weighing as much as 2,000 lb for a time of 8 seconds. The PBR today is a $46 million business, revenue having grown 150% over the past 5 years. From 2003 to 2005, the tour's adult fan base soared 48%, to 18 million, far outpacing the growth of NASCAR or any other major sport, according to Scarborough Research (Gregory, 2006). PBR Demographics and Sponsors When the PBR's leadership looks to the future, what they see in terms of growth and sponsorship is, clearly, NASCAR. If you lay the NASCAR demos [demographics] over our demos, they're almost identical, said Randy Bernard, the tour's CEO. We look at everything they do. What NASCAR has done, most obviously, is to turn a sport perceived as having only regional appeal into the country's second-biggest sport on television, now just behind the NFL (Halpern, 2006). The Bud Light brand is one of the PBR's sponsors. typical Bud Light drinker is male, white, 25 to 34 years old, married, with a high school or college diploma, and earns $20,000-$70,000 annually in one of a wide variety of occupations. This demographic profile echoes that of the PBR fan. Official sponsors of the PBR in addition to Bud Light have included the following: B&W Trailer Hitches Big Texas Trailer BowTech Archery Branson Tractors Bud Light Cabela's Cripple Creek Daisy Dickies Enterprise Rent-A-Car Express Personnel Svcs Ford Trucks Frito-Lay Jack Daniels Johnsonville Brats Mandalay Bay Mossy Oak Oberto Beef Jerky Pennington Seed Priefert Rocky Outdoor Gear Stetson City of Las Vegas U.S. Army U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Wrangler Jeans Yamaha Well-paying sponsors are a necessity for many if not most rodeo competitors, but at least one competitor's spouse has noted that A cowboy's wife needs to be a cowboy's biggest sponsor (Galayda, 2007). Marketing the PBR A niche sport trying to go mainstream is how Josh Peter described professional bull riding in his book Fried Twinkies, Buckle Bunnies and Bull Riders: Year Inside the Professional Bull Riders Tour (2006). After splitting from the Professional Rodeo Cowboy Association, the Professional Bull Riders Tour set out to make bull riding the next must-watch sport. …
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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