Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sinikukka Saari. Promoting Democracy and Human Rights in Russia. London and New York: Routledge, 2010. xiv, 175 pp. Bibliography. Index. $130.00, cloth.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, significant efforts have been made to promote the development of democracy and human rights in the former Soviet states. This book is a study of the efforts made by the European Union, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe to encourage democracy and human rights in Russia. Sinikukka Saari focuses on three particular aspects of this question - the institution of a human rights ombudsman, abolition of the death penalty, and free and fair elections - and argues that successful promotion requires the adoption by the Russians of Western norms on these issues. She concludes that the outcome has been decidedly mixed. The norms surrounding the ombudsman have been implemented in Russia successfully in the sense that official discourse on the institution, its practical functioning and its legislative underpinning all comply with European standards. Success has been more limited with regard to the other two. While the death penalty has not actually been enforced for some time, something she attributes to European influence, it is still on the books and much of the discourse surrounding it remains supportive of its retention. With regard to free and fair elections, the European bodies have largely failed in that there has been actual regression in this respect since the first post-Soviet election in 1993; the deficient (in democratic terms) conduct of elections has become institutionalized, legislative changes in 2006-2007 actually made elections less democratic, and leading Russian figures have publicly rejected the norms of free and fair elections as understood in the West as being inappropriate for Russia.Saari' s discussion of this is competent, straightforward, and relatively unproblematic, even if at times the English expression could have done with some attention by a native speaker. Perhaps more controversial is her argument that one of the reasons for the failure in regard to free and fair elections is that the Europeans tried to play politics. She argues that during the 1990s the Europeans saw Yeltsin as the democratic hope and, believing that it was more important to support him against his opponents than it was to criticize deficiencies in electoral performance, they sought to bolster his position by overlooking the clear problems that existed in the conduct of the elections that decade. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».