Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Clean-Up of Hazardous Waste Sites
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Hazardous waste, defined as any material that poses a substantial threat to human health, can potentially contaminate all the environmental media: atmosphere, groundwater, surface waters and soil, and through these media can be harmful or even fatal for human health. The prolonged exposure to toxic pollutants such as benzene derivatives, dioxins and trichlorophenol has been associated with acute health effects such as narcosis, skin irritation, or respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergies. Hazardous waste exposure has also been associated with chronic health effects such as leukaemia, liver tumour, lymphomas and, in the case of methylene chloride, premature mortality. Since the case of Love Canal, New York State, in 1980 an increasing number of cases of hazardous waste mismanagement have been reported. Studies suggest that children are the most vulnerable victims of toxic pollutants. Exposure to compounds increases the likelihood of miscarriage and birth defects. In the Love Canal, for instance, birth defects were found to be twice as likely to occur among those living near the dump site (Goldman et al.1985). In Canada, a large study conducted by Goldenberg et al. (1999), suggested that individuals living close to landfill sites have an increased risk of liver, kidney, pancreas cancers and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Another study conducted by Pukkala (2001) in Finland found that the prevalence of asthma was significantly higher in individuals living near landfill sites. Lack of resources requires policy makers to prioritise competing alternatives. Despite the potential gains for both environmental and human health, it remains uncertain whether the benefits of interventions to clean-up hazardous sites would outweigh the costs. The analytical tool of cost-benefit analysis provides a powerful and transparent method to evaluate and select risk management strategies. Nevertheless, cost-benefit analysis has rarely been used to assess hazardous waste site cleanup interventions. There are several reasons for this: the effects of hazardous waste exposure are often ignored; there are difficulties indentifying the causal link between waste exposure and health effects; and estimating the value of the potential impacts resulting from cleanup interventions. Costs of cleanup interventions are also subject to great uncertainty because it is difficult to quantify them a priori, especially where more than one media has been affected by hazardous pollutants. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the major steps necessary to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of cleanup interventions.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
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