Airlines, Airports and Antitrust: A Proposed Strategy for Enhanced Competition
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Prior to deregulation, the consensus among many economists was that removal of governmental barriers to entry and pricing for airlines would result in a healthy competitive environment, one perhaps approaching that of perfect competition. Destructive competition, whose purported existence gave birth to regulation of these two industries in the 1930s, was deemed unlikely to occur. It was predicted that concentration was highly unlikely, for new entry would keep the industry hotly competitive.Transportation, however, has turned out not to be the ideal model of perfect competition that many proponents of deregulation insisted it was. There appear to be significant economies of scale, scope and density, and economic barriers to entry in the airline industry. Widespread bankruptcies and mergers have reduced the number of competitors to the point that major oligopolies now exist. Large airlines now dominate the infrastructure of airports, their gates and landing slots, as well as computer reservations systems.The theory of contestable markets served as a major intellectual justification for deregulation. The theory posits that if a monopolist or oligopolist begins to earn supracompetitive profits, new competitive entry, or the threat thereof, will restore pricing competition. If incumbents raise rates above competitive levels, new entrants would be attracted like sharks to the smell of blood. The theory is premised upon the belief that economic barriers to entry and economies of scale in the airline industry are relatively modest. Even the threat of entry would be sufficient to discipline the market and restore the competitive equilibrium.Contestability has not served as a significant competitive catalyst in the deregulated airline industry, and has since been abandoned by the Justice Department, which now regulates airline mergers. Because of formidable barriers to entry, many airlines are now able to exert market power in the markets which they dominate. With the creation of frequent flyer programs, travel agent commission overrides, and megacarrier dominance in fortress hubs and computer reservations systems, the entry of new carriers is highly unlikely today. In a situation where market power exists, prices rise and the level of service can deteriorate; excessive wealth is transferred from consumers to producers, and society's resources are misallocated. As consumers purchase alternative products or services it costs society more to produce.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,007 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,017 |
| Communication savante | 0,013 | 0,018 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,006 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,019 | 0,008 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,016 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».