<b>Michel Foucault</b>, <i>Le Gouvernement de soi et des autres. Cours au Collège de France 1982-1983</i> (Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 2008), ISBN: 978-2020658690 & <b>Michel Foucault</b>, <i>Le Courage de la vérité. Le Gouvernement de soi et des autres II. Cours au Collège de France 1984</i> (Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 2009), ISBN: 978-2020658706

The diptych made up of Le Gouvernement de soi et des autres (GSA) and Le Courage de la vérité (CV) pursues the avenues of thought on Greco-Roman antiquity that had begun to be explored particularly in The Hermeneutics of the Subject.These lecturesthe last that Foucault gave at the Collège de France-were not entirely new if one considers that a well-known extract taken from the inaugural lecture of GSA was published in 1984, in a version reworked by Foucault, entitled "What is Enlightenment?" 1 Moreover, in 2004, Magazine littéraire published an extract from the February 16, 1983, session (GSA, 226-230) entitled "Un cours inédit de Michel Foucault." 2 Finally, in 1983, Joseph Pearson had published, under the title Fearless Speech, 3 a series of six seminars given by Foucault at the University of California, Berkeley, which returned to several of the themes explored in GSA and CV.Foucauldian studies have also benefited from a few commentaries inspired by GSA and CV taken from archives at the Institut Mémoire de l'Édition Contemporaine 1 Michel Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?" in Paul Rabinow (ed.),The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 32-50.See also Michel Foucault, "Kant on Enlightenment and Revolution," Economy and Society, vol.15, no. 1 (February 1986), 88-96.These texts were reprinted in various books, sometimes under different titles.For a complete list of reprints see the bibliography prepared by Richard A. Lynch (items # 339 and 351): ‹http://www.michel-foucault.com/bibmf/index.html›. 2 Michel Foucault, "Un cours inédit de Michel Foucault.Vivre avec la philosophie," Magazine littéraire, no.435 (October 2004), 60-61.In his introduction to this text (p.60), Frédéric Gros mistakenly indicates that this excerpt is taken from the February 23, 1983 lecture. 3 Michel Foucault, Fearless Speech, edited by Joseph Pearson (New York: Semiotext(e), 2001).See also the English seminars given by Foucault in Toronto in 1982 available at IMEC (abbaye d'Ardenne, France) under the title "Dire-vrai sur soi-même" (code FCL.128). Government of Self and OthersParrhesia, which is central to GSA (as it is to CV 5 ), is a technique of veridiction consisting of "tell*ing+-everything," truth-telling or exercising a frankness of speech that puts the life of the parrhesiast in danger.In GSA, Foucault studies parrhesia in the context of government of the self and of others, advocating a return to several ancient sources, among them Socrates, Plutarch, Polybius, Thucydides and, in a more detailed way, Euripides and Plato.Parrhesiastic frankness of speech is opposed to falsehood and flattery.It is also different from the other means of truth-telling: demonstration (analysis of the rational structure of speech), persuasion (rhetoric), teaching (pedagogy) and discussion (gradual emergence of truth in dialogue); the element of risk for the speaker (GSA, 52-56), the public aspect (GSA, 62) and complete freedom of speech (GSA, 63-64 and elsewhere) are presented as the main distinctive characteristics of parrhesia.Moreover, the parrhesiast's lifestyle differs from the modes of existence of the seer, the prophet, the philosopher and the scientist.(GSA, 66 et seq.)Having established the notion of parrhesia, Foucault, in his January 19, 1983 lecture, embarks on a study of Euripides' Ion, of which there is practically no trace in 4 See for instance Thomas Flynn, "Foucault as Parrhesiast.His last course at the Collège de France (1984)," Philosophy & Social Criticism, vol.12, nos.2-3 (July 1987), 213-229; Joseph J. Tanke, "Cynical aesthetics.A theme from Michel Foucault's 1984 Lectures at the Collège de France,"

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