Демографические процессы среди ненцев Ямала в 20-30-е гг. Xx в
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The paper raises the problem of growth of indigenous peoples in the first third of the 20th century. If they were described as non-viable and on the verge of extinction at the end of the 19th early 20th century, some authors concluded artificiality of this problem ''in order to draw the government's attention to the natives'' in the first quarter of the 20th century. There was an opinion in respect of nomads that complex conditions of their life cause their low natural increase compared to sedentary people. The paper considers the demographic characteristics of tundra and forest Nenetses living on the territory of modern Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, according to the All-Union and the Polar censuses of 1926 and 1939, reports of the Yamal Region Department of Statistics, supplemented by household (pokhoziaistvennye) forms of north land management expeditions. Censuses show the increase of the total number of Yamal Nenetses in 13 years by more than 1.5 times, from 7,994 in 1926 to 13,454 people in 1939. However, the analysis of the percentage of various Samoyed groups in the structure of nomadic Nenetses points to unessential influence of ethnic processes on their growth. In accordance with the instructions of the 1939 census, a Nenets was the name given to all people classified in the questionnaires as Nenetsia, Nenets, Khasovo, Samoyed, Samodi, Samoyed-Jurak, Jurak, Iarany, Piankhasovo, Forest Nenets. The general demographic factors characterized the natural movement of the Nenets in the middle of 1920s calculated with using methodological recommendation of P.E. Terletskiy to employ average absolute fertility, mortality and natural growth confirm the conclusion that the sedentary peoples have higher natural increase. Obdorsk nomadic Samoyeds have relatively low fertility and mortality, including children mortality, compared to other nations, and their natural increase as in the third place after Russians and Ostyaks. The age and sex structure made by using the 1959 All-Union census data shows higher fertility rates for the Nenets in late 1920s and the 1930s than in previous years. Nevertheless most of Nenets families had few children because of the high infant mortality rate. One nuclear family of Yamal Nenetses had 2.8 children in average, of Forest Nenetses 2.5 children. The obtained data suggest simple reproduction of the Nenets generations. The difference in the data between the permanent and the existing population indicates little impact of the migration factor to the number of the Nenets. After analyzing all the factors we can argue that more than half of the absolute increase of the Nenets in the intercensus period of 1926-1939 is the result of refinements in their numbers, due to a careful organization of the census work. The character of their natural movement proved the consistently positive demographic situation that guaranteed low growth.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,026 | 0,025 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle