Effects of Lithofacies and Reservoir Heterogeneity on Improved Oil Recovery Processes
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A comprehensive understanding of reservoir geology plays an important role in the success of oil/gas recovery processes. Several emerging IOR (improved oil recovery) techniques have been proposed in the past decades with promising results. However, a systematic study of reservoir heterogeneity on these advanced processes has yet been presented in the literature. This paper provides one of the first comparative evaluations of the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on various IOR processes such as water flooding, CO2 flooding, Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) and CO2 LSWAG for a wider and more successful implementation of these projects. Since several weaknesses exist in the current simple and unrealistic models, detailed geostatistic models are employed in this study to provide a more realistic and unbiased evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity. We first present an innovative approach that allows us to capture the critical effects of geological heterogeneity. This new approach involves the integration of geological software, a reservoir simulator and a robust optimizer in a closed-loop for generating multiple geologically driven realizations and uncertainty assessment of different recovery processes. Then a series of numerical simulations have been conducted to investigate the influences of fining- and coarsening-upward sequences on oil recovery. Finally, we evaluate the uncertainty range of reservoir heterogeneity using a large number of geological realizations with significant differences on porosity and permeability distributions. The effect of the Kv/Kh (aspect) ratio is also addressed in this study. The simulation results indicate that the lithofacies has a dominant effect on oil recovery in all recovery processes. The coarsening-upward distribution demonstrates superior performances over the fining-upward distribution. However, it is observed that the differences on oil recovery from two stratified reservoir models are not similar in all injection methods. Although the lithofacies distribution has a slight effect on the conventional waterflooding, this effect becomes significant in CO2 flooding and more drastical in LSW and CO2 LSWAG. This observation is very important for maximizing oil recovery by taking into account the crucial effects of reservoir geology in these emerging technologies that have never been considered in the past. Additionally, the heterogeneity of lithofacies also affects the flow direction and injectivity of displacing fluids, and, consequently, influences the ultimate oil recovery factor. Reservoir heterogeneity plays a critical role in the successes of IOR processes but it has never been comprehensively quantified, especially for some emerging techniques. Thus the results from this paper are very important to overcome the current challenges in capturing the importance of geological uncertainties in the current and future IOR/EOR projects.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».