Preparation of Existing and Novel Superconductors using a Spatial Composition Spread Approach

We describe in this chapter a promising system and method to search for novel superconductors by investigating appropriately chosen antiferromagnets and creating carriers by doping using a high throughput spatial composition spread (combinatorial) approach. The method has been applied to the cuprate superconductors and has the potential to enhance our understanding of these materials and push the boundaries of the field by quickly exploring novel ones. Finding novel superconducting materials, which superconduct at much higher temperatures, now seems to be a realistic goal because of three recent developments: the 2008 discovery of superconductivity in iron arsenide based materials; the observation that a number of superconductors are doped antiferromagnets; and the tremendous progress researchers have made over the past 20 years in understanding the physical properties of existing superconductors. These developments suggest a path to novel superconductors explore the electrical transport properties of doped antiferromagnets. While a number of applications of existing superconductors have been realized, their widespread use depends on raising the transition temperatures substantially above the current world record Tc of 138 K. Expanding the number of known systems which exhibit superconductivity also allows researchers to identify its essential elements. These observations help reduce the number of models which purport to explain the mechanism of pair formation, and allow researchers to ignore irrelevant peculiarities of a particular system. In general, the preparation of novel phases of matter increases the likelihood of the discovery of novel material properties. The combinatorial approach to materials discovery (Xiang et al, 1995) allows one to realize these goals at an unprecedented rate. Discoveries by groups in Japan and China over the past few years have added to the class of systems for which antiferromagnetic order exists in close proximity to superconductivity, and in some cases may even coexist. Iron arsenide-based, cuprate, fulleride and heavy fermion superconductors [detailed references below] populate this class, and the diversity of hosts highlight how useful it is to search for new examples of superconductors in aid of an empirical identification of the important parameters on which to build a correct theory. As the number of examples has grown, the importance of spin fluctuations has emerged. This chapter describes a route to discover novel superconductors in doped antiferromagnets to enhance our understanding of superconductivity. To accomplish these goals we use a

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