Implications of nanotechnology applications: using genetics as a lesson.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
I. Introduction As society becomes more comfortable discussing genetics and its related ethics, new technology is blossoming in the background. Nanotechnology may speak the same societal language as does genetics, in that both technological movements involve tiny science and large imagination. In way, it is natural--and almost inevitable--that the genetic revolution and the revolution be compared. Both fields involve smaller and smaller scales and manipulation of nano-sized materials. Both fields also create ricochet effects in almost every aspect of society. While is new, so new that nothing seems impossible, there are certain predictions that may be safely drawn. Though we need to be cautious of both positive and negative hype, some speculative applications of are becoming clear. Already today, scientists and engineers are creating nanowires and carbon nanotubes slated for super-strong, super-efficient and eventually super-cheap products. In nanomedicine, there are discussions of sending dendrimer polymers into every reach of the body to dispense drugs in specifically localized cells, and of dispatching diagnostic nano-machines into the body to detect cancer when only few cancerous cells exist. (1) Moreover, will be used as tool for genetic information and research, facilitating genome sequencing and nuclear transfer with smart nano-devices that have some independence and learning capabilities. For every possible application of nanotechnology--and even for fantastical ones--we need to examine social, ethical and legal implications. We can learn from the genetic revolution and ponder how similar issues might arise in nanotechnology. For instance, we can forecast privacy, intellectual property and concept of life concerns. Yet, at the same time, it is important to recognize that is its own creature as well. Because is more application than exploration, many societal concerns will reflect this difference from genetics. Like the World Wide Web, nanotechnology may appear gradually and yet have revolutionary effect. (2) The purpose of this paper is to provide cursory overview of some possible social, ethical and legal issues implicated in the development of nanotechnology. All issues within this paper evidently warrant further analysis. II. Social Implications Inherent in the promise of is the creation of superior products and services at much-reduced cost. The effect of such creation, by itself, will perhaps take decades to manifest in society, (3) spinning off into environmental, social, economic and educational implications. Within these spheres, as with genetics, we will find a fundamental tension of civilization -- the tension between humanity's quest for more control over nature and the future, and our equally strong desire for stability and predictability in the present. (4) a. Environmental implications One of the more common social notes that seems to arise from perusal of the literature is that will have positive effect on the environment. Nanotechnology promises to reduce by orders of magnitude the inputs of energy and materials and associated discharges required to produce device that can perform particular task. (5) Due to the near-perfect potential efficiency of nanotechnology, by-products will be minimized and emissions will be controlled. Roco and Bainbridge envision applications such as tires where the carbon black is replaced with an environmentally friendly nanotechnological substance. (6) Electricity will be generated with much less fuel and the environmental footprint of electricity will consequently be vastly smaller. (7) Filters for water or oil will be ultrafine, allowing fewer impurities and contaminants into the product, and gasoline consumption in turn will plummet. …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,010 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,008 | 0,007 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,008 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».