Reducción de la ingesta de sodio en las Américas: un imperativo de salud pública
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Elevated blood pressure is the leading cause of death worldwide.The contemporary approach to this epidemic includes clinical treatment of hypertension in high-risk individuals, and for broad population-level impact, reduction of sodium intake and other lifestyle modifications.As a public health measure, sodium reduction is an especially appealing strategy-an inexpensive and effective "best buy."Available evidence on the benefits of lowering sodium is sufficiently strong to warrant action.Public health strategies are very low cost, and the health risks of reducing sodium are practically nonexistent (with appropriate monitoring of iodine intake and iodine concentrations in salt to ensure optimal supplementation).Furthermore, estimated reductions in the burden of blood pressure-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)-stroke, heart attacks and heart failure-are substantial.Sodium reduction at the population level is an intersectoral undertaking that requires extensive public-and private-sector coordination to achieve success.Various sectors and stakeholders must be involved, and their work requires close coordination.The ministries of economy, health, and education, among others, must be involved, given that the policies are related to nutrition, NCDs, and commerce.Furthermore, food industries must be engaged.Lastly, resources must be committed to collect data, to evaluate results and document impact.Still, there are some uncertainties, particularly related to implementation of these policies in the Region.Information on dietary intake of sodium and its principal food sources are lacking in some countries in the Region.Also, the state of economic development, extent of nutrition transition, and traditional food culture vary widely from country to country and will certainly influence the approach to implementation and the ability to achieve meaningful reductions in sodium intake.Crucial in the coming years is for countries to collect data on sodium intake and sources of dietary sodium using standardized methods.Both baseline and follow-up data are needed to monitor and evaluate the impacts of policies and to adjust strategies, if needed.To assist countries in this regard, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has developed the Protocol for Population-Level Sodium Determination in 24-Hour Urine Samples.The current special issue of the Pan American Journal of Public Health constitutes a coordinated and unprecedented effort by PAHO to document the work of countries in the Region of the Americas that are implementing strategies to accomplish population-wide reductions in level intake.The strategies aim to prevent and control blood pressure-related NCDs.The nine papers included in this special issue are of direct relevance to public health efforts designed to reduce sodium intake in the Americas.Three of them are "Original research" articles.Sánchez et al. provide an indepth exploration of behavior related to health, salt consumption, and nutrition labeling preference in Argentina, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.Claro et al. document attitudes, knowledge, and behavior related to salt consumption in five sentinel countries (Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, and Ecuador), while Ferrante et al. present the cost utility of reducing salt intake and its impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Argentina.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,007 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle