The justification of anti-terrorism legislation in Australia and Canada between September 17, 2001 and March 31, 2003
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Few countries had seen the necessity for anti-terrorism legislation prior to 11 September 2001 (9/11) but that worldwide shock resulted in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 calling for measures to combat international terrorism on 28 September 2001. Australia and Canada, middle powers at the United Nations, and close allies with the United States, were among the first to react in support of counter-terrorism action, Australia invoking the ANZUS Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America, and Canada supporting the response to 9/11 through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Both countries were quick to begin drafting anti-terrorism legislation that would fulfil the United Nations requirements under Resolution 1373 targeting the financing of terrorism and other actions. Canada introduced its anti-terrorism legislation on 15 October 2001 and Australia, having had an election in November 2001, began debating its anti-terrorism legislation on 13 February 2002. <br><br>This dissertation investigates the legislative discourse on anti-terrorism laws as the elected Members of Parliament in Australia and Canada debated the proposed new measures between 17 September 2001 and 31 March 2003, the period covering the passage of most of the early anti-terrorism legislation. The research aims to determine how the new laws, necessary at the time because of an increased awareness of the international character of terrorism, would be justified considering the increased law enforcement powers proposed in parts of the new legislation. There was a perceived lack of capacity to deal with terrorism in existing criminal laws. Terrorist acts were identifiable as crimes but were regarded differently and prevention was one aspect of this difference. Terrorism seemed to call for differentiation in the law but a major difficulty was in clarifying inherent characteristics of terrorism. <br><br>The verbatim records of parliamentary debates in both countries, documented in Hansard, provided an authoritative source of the views expressed by politicians, on the government side introducing and supporting the reasoning for the new legislation, and on the opposition side by the several political factions represented, each with a party policy and purpose to uphold. Forty-five themes were identified as topics through which anti-terrorism legislation was debated. Every time a Member of Parliament spoke on a topic related to a theme, an instance was recorded, creating a database of over 5,000 instances. The four key topics forming the basis for the new legislation were the Terrorism Event, National Security, Criminal Justice and Anti-Terrorism Legislation. Statistical comparison of the discourse quantities produced in relation to each theme did not support the hypothesis that the introduction of Anti-Terrorism legislation was discussed predominantly as a national security issue in Australia and a criminal justice issue in Canada.<br>
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».